Gsind Hákdr 1I
Russell Poole (ed.) 2012, ‘Guthormr sindri, Hákonardrápa 1’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 157.
Bif ‘in shuddering’
(not checked:)
2. bifa (verb; °-að-): shudder, tremble < bifraukn (noun n.)2. bifa (verb; °-að-): shudder, tremble
kennings
bifrauknum bekkjar‘in shuddering draught animals of the rowing-bench ’
= SHIPS
in shuddering draught animals of the rowing-bench → SHIPS
roknum ‘’
rauknum ‘draught animals’
(not checked:)
2. raukn (noun n.): draught animal < bifraukn (noun n.)
[1] ‑rauknum: ‑roknum 61, Flat
kennings
bifrauknum bekkjar‘in shuddering draught animals of the rowing-bench ’
= SHIPS
in shuddering draught animals of the rowing-bench → SHIPS
trað ‘trod’
(not checked:)
troða (verb): tread
bekkjar ‘of the rowing-bench’
(not checked:)
1. bekkr (noun m.; °-jar/-s, dat. -/-i; -ir): bench
kennings
bifrauknum bekkjar‘in shuddering draught animals of the rowing-bench ’
= SHIPS
in shuddering draught animals of the rowing-bench → SHIPS
blá ‘the blue’
(not checked:)
blár (adj.): black < blárǫst (noun f.)blár (adj.): black
raustr ‘’
rǫst ‘trail [sea]’
(not checked:)
1. rǫst (noun f.; °rastar; rastir): (a measure of distance) < blárǫst (noun f.)
[2] ‑rǫst: ‘‑raustr’ Bb
konungr ‘The king’
(not checked:)
konungr (noun m.; °dat. -i, -s; -ar): king
austan ‘’
(not checked:)
austan (adv.): from the east
ôrum ‘with oars’
(not checked:)
1. ár (noun f.; °-ar, dat. u/-; -ar/-ir(LandslBorg 151b²¹)): oar
[2] ôrum: austan Bb
mætr ‘the excellent’
(not checked:)
mætr (adj.; °compar. -ri/-ari, superl. -astr): honoured, respected
hlóð ‘heaped up’
(not checked:)
2. hlaða (verb): heap, pile
mildingr ‘generous one’
(not checked:)
mildingr (noun m.; °-s): ruler, generous one
ýtum ‘’
(not checked:)
ýtr (noun m.): man; launcher
Mistar ‘of Mist’
(not checked:)
Mist (noun f.): Mist
kennings
drífu vífs Mistar.‘the snow-storm of the woman of Mist. ’
= BATTLE
the woman of Mist. → VALKYRIE
the snow-storm of the VALKYRIE → BATTLE
notes
[4] drífu vífs Mistar ‘the snow-storm of the woman of Mist <valkyrie> [VALKYRIE > BATTLE]’: (a) The majority of eds interpret the phrase in this way. Here is it assumed that a ‘woman of Mist’ is one of this valkyrie’s entourage; cf. HHund II 7/4 systir Gunnar ‘sisters of Gunnr [VALKYRIES]’ (NK 152), and other redundant relationship terms in kennings, e.g. Anon Liðs 5/1, 4 hlýri ara ‘eagle’s brother [EAGLE]’. (b) Alternatively, mist could be a noun for ‘battle’ (as in Tindr Lv 2/7V (Heið 15)), its ‘woman’ a ‘valkyrie’ and the ‘snow-storm’ of the valkyrie again ‘battle’ (so Hkr 1893-1901, IV; LP: Mist; ÍF 26; Hkr 1991). (c) Kock (NN §1929) emends vífs to knífs, to obtain a kenning drífu knífs Mistar ‘snow-storm of the knife of Mist <valkyrie> [SWORD > BATTLE]’, but emendation is not necessary.
Mistar ‘of Mist’
(not checked:)
Mist (noun f.): Mist
kennings
drífu vífs Mistar.‘the snow-storm of the woman of Mist. ’
= BATTLE
the woman of Mist. → VALKYRIE
the snow-storm of the VALKYRIE → BATTLE
notes
[4] drífu vífs Mistar ‘the snow-storm of the woman of Mist <valkyrie> [VALKYRIE > BATTLE]’: (a) The majority of eds interpret the phrase in this way. Here is it assumed that a ‘woman of Mist’ is one of this valkyrie’s entourage; cf. HHund II 7/4 systir Gunnar ‘sisters of Gunnr [VALKYRIES]’ (NK 152), and other redundant relationship terms in kennings, e.g. Anon Liðs 5/1, 4 hlýri ara ‘eagle’s brother [EAGLE]’. (b) Alternatively, mist could be a noun for ‘battle’ (as in Tindr Lv 2/7V (Heið 15)), its ‘woman’ a ‘valkyrie’ and the ‘snow-storm’ of the valkyrie again ‘battle’ (so Hkr 1893-1901, IV; LP: Mist; ÍF 26; Hkr 1991). (c) Kock (NN §1929) emends vífs to knífs, to obtain a kenning drífu knífs Mistar ‘snow-storm of the knife of Mist <valkyrie> [SWORD > BATTLE]’, but emendation is not necessary.
vífs ‘of the woman’
(not checked:)
víf (noun n.): woman, wife
kennings
drífu vífs Mistar.‘the snow-storm of the woman of Mist. ’
= BATTLE
the woman of Mist. → VALKYRIE
the snow-storm of the VALKYRIE → BATTLE
notes
[4] drífu vífs Mistar ‘the snow-storm of the woman of Mist <valkyrie> [VALKYRIE > BATTLE]’: (a) The majority of eds interpret the phrase in this way. Here is it assumed that a ‘woman of Mist’ is one of this valkyrie’s entourage; cf. HHund II 7/4 systir Gunnar ‘sisters of Gunnr [VALKYRIES]’ (NK 152), and other redundant relationship terms in kennings, e.g. Anon Liðs 5/1, 4 hlýri ara ‘eagle’s brother [EAGLE]’. (b) Alternatively, mist could be a noun for ‘battle’ (as in Tindr Lv 2/7V (Heið 15)), its ‘woman’ a ‘valkyrie’ and the ‘snow-storm’ of the valkyrie again ‘battle’ (so Hkr 1893-1901, IV; LP: Mist; ÍF 26; Hkr 1991). (c) Kock (NN §1929) emends vífs to knífs, to obtain a kenning drífu knífs Mistar ‘snow-storm of the knife of Mist <valkyrie> [SWORD > BATTLE]’, but emendation is not necessary.
vífs ‘of the woman’
(not checked:)
víf (noun n.): woman, wife
kennings
drífu vífs Mistar.‘the snow-storm of the woman of Mist. ’
= BATTLE
the woman of Mist. → VALKYRIE
the snow-storm of the VALKYRIE → BATTLE
notes
[4] drífu vífs Mistar ‘the snow-storm of the woman of Mist <valkyrie> [VALKYRIE > BATTLE]’: (a) The majority of eds interpret the phrase in this way. Here is it assumed that a ‘woman of Mist’ is one of this valkyrie’s entourage; cf. HHund II 7/4 systir Gunnar ‘sisters of Gunnr [VALKYRIES]’ (NK 152), and other redundant relationship terms in kennings, e.g. Anon Liðs 5/1, 4 hlýri ara ‘eagle’s brother [EAGLE]’. (b) Alternatively, mist could be a noun for ‘battle’ (as in Tindr Lv 2/7V (Heið 15)), its ‘woman’ a ‘valkyrie’ and the ‘snow-storm’ of the valkyrie again ‘battle’ (so Hkr 1893-1901, IV; LP: Mist; ÍF 26; Hkr 1991). (c) Kock (NN §1929) emends vífs to knífs, to obtain a kenning drífu knífs Mistar ‘snow-storm of the knife of Mist <valkyrie> [SWORD > BATTLE]’, but emendation is not necessary.
í ‘in’
(not checked:)
í (prep.): in, into
drífu ‘the snow-storm’
(not checked:)
1. drífa (noun f.; °-u): snow-storm
kennings
drífu vífs Mistar.‘the snow-storm of the woman of Mist. ’
= BATTLE
the woman of Mist. → VALKYRIE
the snow-storm of the VALKYRIE → BATTLE
notes
[4] drífu vífs Mistar ‘the snow-storm of the woman of Mist <valkyrie> [VALKYRIE > BATTLE]’: (a) The majority of eds interpret the phrase in this way. Here is it assumed that a ‘woman of Mist’ is one of this valkyrie’s entourage; cf. HHund II 7/4 systir Gunnar ‘sisters of Gunnr [VALKYRIES]’ (NK 152), and other redundant relationship terms in kennings, e.g. Anon Liðs 5/1, 4 hlýri ara ‘eagle’s brother [EAGLE]’. (b) Alternatively, mist could be a noun for ‘battle’ (as in Tindr Lv 2/7V (Heið 15)), its ‘woman’ a ‘valkyrie’ and the ‘snow-storm’ of the valkyrie again ‘battle’ (so Hkr 1893-1901, IV; LP: Mist; ÍF 26; Hkr 1991). (c) Kock (NN §1929) emends vífs to knífs, to obtain a kenning drífu knífs Mistar ‘snow-storm of the knife of Mist <valkyrie> [SWORD > BATTLE]’, but emendation is not necessary.
Svan ‘of the swan’
(not checked:)
svanr (noun m.; °-s; -ir): swan < svangœðir (noun m.)svanr (noun m.; °-s; -ir): swan < Svanbróðir (noun m.)
kennings
Hrafnvíns svangœðir‘swan-benefactor of raven-wine’
= WARRIOR
raven-wine → BLOOD
the swan of the BLOOD → RAVEN/EAGLE
The benefactor of the RAVEN/EAGLE → WARRIOR
Svan ‘of the swan’
(not checked:)
svanr (noun m.; °-s; -ir): swan < svangœðir (noun m.)svanr (noun m.; °-s; -ir): swan < Svanbróðir (noun m.)
kennings
Hrafnvíns svangœðir‘swan-benefactor of raven-wine’
= WARRIOR
raven-wine → BLOOD
the swan of the BLOOD → RAVEN/EAGLE
The benefactor of the RAVEN/EAGLE → WARRIOR
gœðir ‘The benefactor’
(not checked:)
gœðir (noun m.): strengthener, increaser < svangœðir (noun m.)
[5] ‑gœðir: ‑brœðir Flat
kennings
Hrafnvíns svangœðir‘swan-benefactor of raven-wine’
= WARRIOR
raven-wine → BLOOD
the swan of the BLOOD → RAVEN/EAGLE
The benefactor of the RAVEN/EAGLE → WARRIOR
rak ‘pursued’
(not checked:)
2. reka (verb): drive, force
síðan ‘then’
(not checked:)
síðan (adv.): later, then
skjótt ‘’
(not checked:)
2. skjótr (adj.): quick(ly)
kennings
sótt Jalfaðar‘with the illness of Jǫlfuðr ’
= SPEAR
with the illness of Jǫlfuðr → SPEAR
almveðrs ‘’
kennings
sótt Jalfaðar‘with the illness of Jǫlfuðr ’
= SPEAR
with the illness of Jǫlfuðr → SPEAR
flótta ‘those who fled’
(not checked:)
flótti (noun m.): flight, fleeing
hlaut ‘’
(not checked:)
hlaut (noun n.): [loot, sacrifice]
hvat ‘’
(not checked:)
hvatr (adj.; °-ari, -an; -astr): keen, brave
hrót ‘the roofs’
(not checked:)
hrót (noun n.): roof
[7] hrót: so F, J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 61, Flat, hvat‑ Kˣ, hlaut‑ Bb
kennings
hrót Giljaðar‘the roofs of Giljaðr ’
= SHIELDS
the roofs of Giljaðr → SHIELDS
Gyljaðar ‘’
(not checked:)
gyljaðr (noun m.)
geliadar ‘’
Giljaðar ‘of Giljaðr’
(not checked:)
Giljaðr (noun m.): Giljaðr
[7] Giljaðar: Gyljaðar J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 61, Bb, ‘geliadar’ Flat
kennings
hrót Giljaðar‘the roofs of Giljaðr ’
= SHIELDS
the roofs of Giljaðr → SHIELDS
notes
[7] Giljaðar ‘of Giljaðr <= Óðinn>’: Giljaðar and Gyljaðar are both hap. leg. in gen. sg. and both could denote Óðinn. Giljaðr would be an agentive from gilja ‘to seduce, beguile, entice’ (Fritzner: gilja; SnH Lv 8II; ÞjóðA Lv 8II), hence ‘seducer’, etc. This would be congruent with the god’s behaviour toward women, e.g. Gunnlǫð, daughter of Suttungr (Hávm 105-10), and with the Óðinn-heiti Glapsviðr ‘strong at enticement, seduction’ (so LP: Glapsviðr, and see Note to Þul Óðins 3/3III). Gyljaðr could be an agentive from a verb *gylja ‘blow’ (?) or ‘howl’ (cf. AEW: Gyljaðr and Gyljandi), which might be comparable with another Óðinn-heiti, Viðrir, which associates the god with winds and storms (cf. AEW: Viðrir). Óðinn-heiti also occur in l. 6 (Jalfaðar) and st. 5/7 (Sveigðir).
huljaþrá ‘’
hyljar ‘’
(not checked:)
2. hylja (verb): to bury, cover, inhume
hyliaþar ‘’
hylja ‘conceal [them]’
(not checked:)
2. hylja (verb): to bury, cover, inhume
[7] hylja: ‘hyliaþar’ J1ˣ, ‘hvliaþra’ J2ˣ, hyljar Flat
hrafns ‘’
(not checked:)
hrafn (noun m.; °hrafns; dat. hrafni; hrafnar): raven
hrafn ‘of raven’
(not checked:)
hrafn (noun m.; °hrafns; dat. hrafni; hrafnar): raven < hrafnvín (noun n.)
[8] hrafn‑: hrafns Bb
kennings
Hrafnvíns svangœðir‘swan-benefactor of raven-wine’
= WARRIOR
raven-wine → BLOOD
the swan of the BLOOD → RAVEN/EAGLE
The benefactor of the RAVEN/EAGLE → WARRIOR
hrafn ‘of raven’
(not checked:)
hrafn (noun m.; °hrafns; dat. hrafni; hrafnar): raven < hrafnvín (noun n.)
[8] hrafn‑: hrafns Bb
kennings
Hrafnvíns svangœðir‘swan-benefactor of raven-wine’
= WARRIOR
raven-wine → BLOOD
the swan of the BLOOD → RAVEN/EAGLE
The benefactor of the RAVEN/EAGLE → WARRIOR
hrafn ‘of raven’
(not checked:)
hrafn (noun m.; °hrafns; dat. hrafni; hrafnar): raven < hrafnvín (noun n.)
[8] hrafn‑: hrafns Bb
kennings
Hrafnvíns svangœðir‘swan-benefactor of raven-wine’
= WARRIOR
raven-wine → BLOOD
the swan of the BLOOD → RAVEN/EAGLE
The benefactor of the RAVEN/EAGLE → WARRIOR
víns ‘wine’
(not checked:)
vín (noun n.; °-s; -): wine < hrafnvín (noun n.)
kennings
Hrafnvíns svangœðir‘swan-benefactor of raven-wine’
= WARRIOR
raven-wine → BLOOD
the swan of the BLOOD → RAVEN/EAGLE
The benefactor of the RAVEN/EAGLE → WARRIOR
víns ‘wine’
(not checked:)
vín (noun n.; °-s; -): wine < hrafnvín (noun n.)
kennings
Hrafnvíns svangœðir‘swan-benefactor of raven-wine’
= WARRIOR
raven-wine → BLOOD
the swan of the BLOOD → RAVEN/EAGLE
The benefactor of the RAVEN/EAGLE → WARRIOR
víns ‘wine’
(not checked:)
vín (noun n.; °-s; -): wine < hrafnvín (noun n.)
kennings
Hrafnvíns svangœðir‘swan-benefactor of raven-wine’
= WARRIOR
raven-wine → BLOOD
the swan of the BLOOD → RAVEN/EAGLE
The benefactor of the RAVEN/EAGLE → WARRIOR
af ‘’
(not checked:)
af (prep.): from
mun ‘pleasure’
(not checked:)
munr (noun m.; °-ar/-s, dat. -/-i; -ir, acc. -i): mind, pleasure
sínum ‘his’
(not checked:)
3. sinn (pron.; °f. sín, n. sitt): (refl. poss. pron.)
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
|
Bifrauknum trað bekkjar |
The king trod the blue trail [sea] in shuddering draught animals of the rowing-bench [SHIPS] with oars; the excellent generous one heaped up the Jótar in the snow-storm of the woman of Mist <valkyrie> [VALKYRIE > BATTLE]. The benefactor of the swan of raven-wine [(lit. ‘swan-benefactor of raven-wine’) BLOOD > RAVEN/EAGLE > WARRIOR] then pursued those who fled with the illness of Jǫlfuðr <= Óðinn> [SPEAR] at his pleasure; the roofs of Giljaðr <= Óðinn> [SHIELDS] conceal [them].
Learning that the fall of his brother Eiríkr in England has removed any threat from that direction, Hákon moves to counter Danish raiders in Vík (Viken). He pursues them to Jótland (Jutland), where they regroup and a major battle is fought. Hákon fights valiantly, has the victory and pursues the fleeing enemy inland.
The source of the stanza is identified as Guthormr sindri’s Hákdr in Hkr and ÓT, except that ms. Flat lacks the title at this point, while it identifies st. 6, erroneously, as coming from Gráfeldardrápa ‘Drápa about [Haraldr] gráfeldr’ (Flat 1860-8, I, 58). — [1-2]: Interpretations have varied. (a) In this edn, following NN §1928 (cf. ÍF 26; Hkr 1991), bekkjar ‘of the rowing-bench’ is taken with -rauknum ‘draught animals’ to form a ship-kenning; cf. the similar use of þopta ‘rowing-bench’ in HólmgB Lv 9/6V (Korm 44); also Meissner 216. Bekkjar meaning ‘of the stream’ might also yield a ship-kenning, but the parallels involve named rivers (Meissner 214, 217). The element bif- in bifrauknum probably represents bifa ‘quake, tremble’, referring to the shuddering or trembling of a ship at sea. The verb trað ‘trod’ maintains consistency of image with rauknum ‘draught animals’. The cpd blárǫst ‘blue trail’ is treated as a heiti for ‘sea’, similar to a kenning but with an adj. rather than a noun as the first element (cf. CPB II, 30; Meissner 3; ÍF 26; Hkr 1991; cf. also Notes to Eyv Lv 2/4 and Þloft Tøgdr 5/6). (b) Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B) takes bekkjar as a determinant for blárǫst, thus ‘blue trail of the sea’ or similar, and emends ôrum to ára (gen. pl.) ‘of oars’ to supply a determinant for bifrauknum, but this is unnecessary. (c) Reichardt (1928, 31) and Kock (NN §1928) accept the emendation but assume the opposite pairing of determinants and base-words. — [5-8]: One component, containing a subject, a finite verb, an object, and adverbials, is clearly defined: Hrafnvíns svangœðir rak síðan flótta at mun sínum ‘The benefactor of the swan of the raven-wine [(lit. swan-benefactor of the raven-wine) BLOOD > RAVEN/EAGLE > WARRIOR] then pursued those who fled at his pleasure’. Remaining, as more intractable components, are sótt Jalfaðar and hrót Giljaðar hylja. No definitive solution seems attainable. (a) The interpretation tentatively adopted here posits that the helmingr contains two clauses. The first of these, cited above, appears to include the kenning sótt Jalfaðar ‘illness of Jǫlfuðr’, where Jalfaðar is gen. sg. of the Óðinn-heiti Jǫlfuðr or Jalfaðr: see AEW: jǫlfuðr; Note to Þul Óðins 8/4III. His sótt ‘illness’ may be ‘spear’, the god’s characteristic weapon and that by which he sacrificed himself to himself (Hávm 138). Alternatively the kenning might conceivably mean ‘battle’, based on the idea of an affliction (for others) brought about by Óðinn (for battle-kennings with base-words meaning ‘harm, damage’ see Meissner 200, but the examples there are problematic). If the f. sg. noun sótt is taken as dat. or instr., as here, rather than nom. or acc., the phrase as a whole signifies ‘with the spear’ and modifies rak flótta, thus ‘pursued those who fled with the spear’. The second finite verb is hylja (3rd pers. pl. pres. indic.) ‘(they) conceal’, with the tacit object flótta ‘those who fled’ understood from the other clause (for this syntactic feature, see NS §21; cf. Sigv Nesv 1/8; Hharð Gamv 2/1II; SnH Lv 8II; ÞjóðA Lv 8II). The pres. tense in an otherwise entirely pret. narration, while uncommon, has clear analogues in other C10th poetry (e.g. Þjóð Haustl 13/3III; cf. Poole 1991, 44-55). The subject of the verb must be hrót Giljaðar ‘the roofs of Giljaðr’, adopting the n. noun hrót ‘roof, space under the roof’ (Fritzner IV; AEW: hrót), the majority reading in the mss. Giljaðr appears to be an Óðinn-heiti (see Note to l. 7), and Óðinn’s hrót ‘roof(s)’ would be ‘shield(s)’, on the same pattern as þekja Gauts ‘roof of Gautr’ (Þmáhl Máv 17/8V (Eb 19)) and hrót Fjǫlnis ‘roof of Fjǫlnir’ (Hskv Útdr 1/2II; cf. Meissner 170). The pursuit of a (ship-borne) enemy who use shields to cover their backs is described in Þhorn Harkv 11/1-4. (b) Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson (ÍF 26, followed by Hkr 1991) posits a kenning sótt Jalfaðar hrótgiljaðar ‘illness of the betrayer of Óðinn’s roof [(lit. illness of Óðinn’s roof-betrayer) SHIELD > SWORD > (another) SWORD]’. The logical basis would be that in combat one sword may damage another. Bjarni interprets hylja as a form of hylr ‘deep pool (in a stream)’, following Finnur Jónsson (1884, 83; Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B; cf. Skald), and reads it as part of a kenning hrafnvíns hylja svangœðir ‘benefactor of the swan of the pools of raven-wine [(lit. swan-benefactor of the pools of raven-wine) POOLS OF BLOOD > RAVEN/EAGLE > WARRIOR]’. The sense of the whole sentence is then ‘the warrior then drove those who fled with his sword’. The element hylja ‘of pools’ is, however, superfluous. (c) Finnur Jónsson (1884, 84; Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B) emends sótt to sótti ‘sought’, Jalfaðar to Jalfaðs, and hrót to hrókr, in arriving at the following solution: Jalfaðs svangœðir rak síðan flótta; hrókr hylja hrafnvíns sótti ‘giljaðar’ at mun sínum ‘The benefactor of the swan of Jalfaðr <= Óðinn> [RAVEN/EAGLE > WARRIOR] then pursued those who fled; the cormorant of the pools of raven-wine [POOLS OF BLOOD > RAVEN/EAGLE] sought the enticing food at his own pleasure.’ This, aside from being overly drastic, yields an unmetrical l. 6 and leaves giljaðar, tentatively glossed as ‘enticer, betrayer’, or ‘enticing food’, not fully accounted for. (d) Kock (NN §250) tentatively emends ms. sótt to sóttr ‘attacked’, adopts the Bb reading hlaut ‘obtained’ in place of hrót, and emends gyljaðar to gyljaðr ‘howler (wolf)’, with þá ‘then’ added to restore the correct number of syllables. He interprets this as follows: Jalfaðar svangœðir sóttr rak síðan flótta; gyljaðr hlaut þá hylja, vín hrafns at mun sínum ‘The benefactor of the swan of Jalfaðr <= Óðinn> [RAVEN/EAGLE > WARRIOR], attacked, then pursued those who fled; the howler [wolf] then obtained the pools, the wine of the raven [BLOOD] at his pleasure’.
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