Glúmr Gráf 4^I

Austr ‘eastern’

(not checked:)
2. austr (noun n.; °-s): the east < austrland (noun n.): eastern lands

notes

[1] austrlǫndum ‘eastern lands’: Austrlǫnd is commonly used of the Baltic regions.

lǫndum ‘lands’

(not checked:)
land (noun n.; °-s; *-): land < austrland (noun n.): eastern lands

notes

[1] austrlǫndum ‘eastern lands’: Austrlǫnd is commonly used of the Baltic regions.

fór ‘’

(not checked:)
fara (verb; ferr, fór, fóru, farinn): go, travel

for ‘’

(not checked:)
for- ((prefix)): exceedingly < forskyndir (noun m.)

forst ‘’

(not checked:)
fara (verb; ferr, fór, fóru, farinn): go, travel

fezk ‘’

fórsk ‘subdued’

(not checked:)
fara (verb; ferr, fór, fóru, farinn): go, travel

[1] fórsk undir: so J2ˣ, 61, fezk undir Kˣ, ‘forst vndir’ F, ‘forskyndir’ J1ˣ, ‘for skendir’ Bb, ‘forst undar’ Flat

notes

[1] fórsk undir ‘subdued’: Farask normally means ‘perish, die’ (LP: fara B), but this cannot be the sense here. (a) Kock (NN §256) takes austrlǫndum as a dat. object of farask undir which he translates as lägga under sig ‘subdue’, citing the parallel hann fersk foldu grœnni undir ‘he subdues the green earth’ (GunnLeif Merl I 25^VIII); this is adopted here, as also by Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson (ÍF 26). (b) Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) reads fórsk undir slǫg, translating vovede sig under våbnene ‘risked his life against weapons’, and takes austrlǫndum as a locative dat. i de østlige lande ‘in the eastern lands’. Such a use of the dat. is possible, but restricted even in poetry (NS §117).

skendir ‘’

undar ‘’

(not checked:)
1. und (noun f.; °; -ir): wound

skyndir ‘’

(not checked:)
skyndir (noun m.; °dat. -): hastener < forskyndir (noun m.)

undir ‘’

(not checked:)
undir (prep.): under

[1] fórsk undir: so J2ˣ, 61, fezk undir Kˣ, ‘forst vndir’ F, ‘forskyndir’ J1ˣ, ‘for skendir’ Bb, ‘forst undar’ Flat

notes

[1] fórsk undir ‘subdued’: Farask normally means ‘perish, die’ (LP: fara B), but this cannot be the sense here. (a) Kock (NN §256) takes austrlǫndum as a dat. object of farask undir which he translates as lägga under sig ‘subdue’, citing the parallel hann fersk foldu grœnni undir ‘he subdues the green earth’ (GunnLeif Merl I 25^VIII); this is adopted here, as also by Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson (ÍF 26). (b) Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) reads fórsk undir slǫg, translating vovede sig under våbnene ‘risked his life against weapons’, and takes austrlǫndum as a locative dat. i de østlige lande ‘in the eastern lands’. Such a use of the dat. is possible, but restricted even in poetry (NS §117).

all ‘The mighty’

(not checked:)
all- ((prefix)): very < allvaldr (noun m.): mighty ruler

valdr ‘ruler’

(not checked:)
valdr (noun m.): ruler < allvaldr (noun m.): mighty ruler

sás ‘who’

(not checked:)
sás (conj.): the one who

gaf ‘gave’

(not checked:)
gefa (verb): give

notes

[2, 4] gaf mǫrgum skǫldum slǫg gunnhǫrga ‘gave many poets strikers of battle-temples [SHIELDS > WEAPONS]’: Weapons were among the conventional rewards given to poets for their poetry; see, e.g., Hfr Lv 11^V (Hallfr 14), celebrating the gift of a sword from Óláfr Tryggvason. The kenning is unusual. Gunnhǫrg(a) ‘battle-temples’ belongs to a pattern well attested among shield-kennings (Meissner 170-1), but slǫg ‘strikers’ is the pl. of slag n., which is itself a heiti for a weapon, so that the tvíkent kenning ‘strikers of battle-temples’ assumed here appears somewhat overdetermined. The translation here, however, follows Reichardt’s suggestion (1928, 178) that slǫg gunnhǫrga functions effectively as a kenning, exploiting the relation of slǫg with slá ‘to strike’ to mean ‘weapons which strike shields’. (b) Kock (NN §256) takes gunnhǫrga ‘shields’ as acc. pl. rather than gen. pl., and hence a joint object, with slǫg ‘swords’, of gaf ‘gave’, in an unusual use of asyndetic parataxis (i.e. omission of a conj.). This is questioned by Reichardt (1928, 178). (c) Finnur Jónsson in Skj B takes slǫg ‘weapons’ as the object of fórsk undir ‘risked his life against’ (see Note to l. 1 fórsk undir), and construes gunnhǫrga alone as a shield-kenning.

skǫldum ‘poets’

(not checked:)
skáld (noun n.; °-s; -): poet

notes

[2, 4] gaf mǫrgum skǫldum slǫg gunnhǫrga ‘gave many poets strikers of battle-temples [SHIELDS > WEAPONS]’: Weapons were among the conventional rewards given to poets for their poetry; see, e.g., Hfr Lv 11^V (Hallfr 14), celebrating the gift of a sword from Óláfr Tryggvason. The kenning is unusual. Gunnhǫrg(a) ‘battle-temples’ belongs to a pattern well attested among shield-kennings (Meissner 170-1), but slǫg ‘strikers’ is the pl. of slag n., which is itself a heiti for a weapon, so that the tvíkent kenning ‘strikers of battle-temples’ assumed here appears somewhat overdetermined. The translation here, however, follows Reichardt’s suggestion (1928, 178) that slǫg gunnhǫrga functions effectively as a kenning, exploiting the relation of slǫg with slá ‘to strike’ to mean ‘weapons which strike shields’. (b) Kock (NN §256) takes gunnhǫrga ‘shields’ as acc. pl. rather than gen. pl., and hence a joint object, with slǫg ‘swords’, of gaf ‘gave’, in an unusual use of asyndetic parataxis (i.e. omission of a conj.). This is questioned by Reichardt (1928, 178). (c) Finnur Jónsson in Skj B takes slǫg ‘weapons’ as the object of fórsk undir ‘risked his life against’ (see Note to l. 1 fórsk undir), and construes gunnhǫrga alone as a shield-kenning.

hann ‘he’

(not checked:)
hann (pron.; °gen. hans, dat. honum; f. hon, gen. hennar, acc. hana): he, she, it, they, them...

fekk ‘gained’

(not checked:)
2. fá (verb; °fǽr; fekk, fengu; fenginn): get, receive

gang ‘’

(not checked:)
gangr (noun m.): going, walking; course; success

gagn ‘success’

(not checked:)
1. gagn (noun n.): victory

[3] gagn at: gang af Bb

af ‘’

(not checked:)
af (prep.): from

at ‘in’

(not checked:)
3. at (prep.): at, to

[3] gagn at: gang af Bb

gunni ‘war’

(not checked:)
gunnr (noun f.): battle

gunn ‘of battle’

(not checked:)
gunnr (noun f.): battle < gunnhǫrgr (noun m.)gunnr (noun f.): battle < gunnhǫrðr (noun m.)

kennings

notes

[2, 4] gaf mǫrgum skǫldum slǫg gunnhǫrga ‘gave many poets strikers of battle-temples [SHIELDS > WEAPONS]’: Weapons were among the conventional rewards given to poets for their poetry; see, e.g., Hfr Lv 11^V (Hallfr 14), celebrating the gift of a sword from Óláfr Tryggvason. The kenning is unusual. Gunnhǫrg(a) ‘battle-temples’ belongs to a pattern well attested among shield-kennings (Meissner 170-1), but slǫg ‘strikers’ is the pl. of slag n., which is itself a heiti for a weapon, so that the tvíkent kenning ‘strikers of battle-temples’ assumed here appears somewhat overdetermined. The translation here, however, follows Reichardt’s suggestion (1928, 178) that slǫg gunnhǫrga functions effectively as a kenning, exploiting the relation of slǫg with slá ‘to strike’ to mean ‘weapons which strike shields’. (b) Kock (NN §256) takes gunnhǫrga ‘shields’ as acc. pl. rather than gen. pl., and hence a joint object, with slǫg ‘swords’, of gaf ‘gave’, in an unusual use of asyndetic parataxis (i.e. omission of a conj.). This is questioned by Reichardt (1928, 178). (c) Finnur Jónsson in Skj B takes slǫg ‘weapons’ as the object of fórsk undir ‘risked his life against’ (see Note to l. 1 fórsk undir), and construes gunnhǫrga alone as a shield-kenning.

gunn ‘of battle’

(not checked:)
gunnr (noun f.): battle < gunnhǫrgr (noun m.)gunnr (noun f.): battle < gunnhǫrðr (noun m.)

kennings

notes

[2, 4] gaf mǫrgum skǫldum slǫg gunnhǫrga ‘gave many poets strikers of battle-temples [SHIELDS > WEAPONS]’: Weapons were among the conventional rewards given to poets for their poetry; see, e.g., Hfr Lv 11^V (Hallfr 14), celebrating the gift of a sword from Óláfr Tryggvason. The kenning is unusual. Gunnhǫrg(a) ‘battle-temples’ belongs to a pattern well attested among shield-kennings (Meissner 170-1), but slǫg ‘strikers’ is the pl. of slag n., which is itself a heiti for a weapon, so that the tvíkent kenning ‘strikers of battle-temples’ assumed here appears somewhat overdetermined. The translation here, however, follows Reichardt’s suggestion (1928, 178) that slǫg gunnhǫrga functions effectively as a kenning, exploiting the relation of slǫg with slá ‘to strike’ to mean ‘weapons which strike shields’. (b) Kock (NN §256) takes gunnhǫrga ‘shields’ as acc. pl. rather than gen. pl., and hence a joint object, with slǫg ‘swords’, of gaf ‘gave’, in an unusual use of asyndetic parataxis (i.e. omission of a conj.). This is questioned by Reichardt (1928, 178). (c) Finnur Jónsson in Skj B takes slǫg ‘weapons’ as the object of fórsk undir ‘risked his life against’ (see Note to l. 1 fórsk undir), and construes gunnhǫrga alone as a shield-kenning.

hǫrða ‘’

(not checked:)
Hǫrðar (noun m.): the Hǫrðar < gunnhǫrðr (noun m.)

hǫrga ‘temples’

(not checked:)
hǫrgr (noun m.; °; -ar): cairn, shrine < gunnhǫrgr (noun m.)

[4] ‑hǫrga: ‘horda’ Flat

kennings

notes

[2, 4] gaf mǫrgum skǫldum slǫg gunnhǫrga ‘gave many poets strikers of battle-temples [SHIELDS > WEAPONS]’: Weapons were among the conventional rewards given to poets for their poetry; see, e.g., Hfr Lv 11^V (Hallfr 14), celebrating the gift of a sword from Óláfr Tryggvason. The kenning is unusual. Gunnhǫrg(a) ‘battle-temples’ belongs to a pattern well attested among shield-kennings (Meissner 170-1), but slǫg ‘strikers’ is the pl. of slag n., which is itself a heiti for a weapon, so that the tvíkent kenning ‘strikers of battle-temples’ assumed here appears somewhat overdetermined. The translation here, however, follows Reichardt’s suggestion (1928, 178) that slǫg gunnhǫrga functions effectively as a kenning, exploiting the relation of slǫg with slá ‘to strike’ to mean ‘weapons which strike shields’. (b) Kock (NN §256) takes gunnhǫrga ‘shields’ as acc. pl. rather than gen. pl., and hence a joint object, with slǫg ‘swords’, of gaf ‘gave’, in an unusual use of asyndetic parataxis (i.e. omission of a conj.). This is questioned by Reichardt (1928, 178). (c) Finnur Jónsson in Skj B takes slǫg ‘weapons’ as the object of fórsk undir ‘risked his life against’ (see Note to l. 1 fórsk undir), and construes gunnhǫrga alone as a shield-kenning.

hǫrga ‘temples’

(not checked:)
hǫrgr (noun m.; °; -ar): cairn, shrine < gunnhǫrgr (noun m.)

[4] ‑hǫrga: ‘horda’ Flat

kennings

notes

[2, 4] gaf mǫrgum skǫldum slǫg gunnhǫrga ‘gave many poets strikers of battle-temples [SHIELDS > WEAPONS]’: Weapons were among the conventional rewards given to poets for their poetry; see, e.g., Hfr Lv 11^V (Hallfr 14), celebrating the gift of a sword from Óláfr Tryggvason. The kenning is unusual. Gunnhǫrg(a) ‘battle-temples’ belongs to a pattern well attested among shield-kennings (Meissner 170-1), but slǫg ‘strikers’ is the pl. of slag n., which is itself a heiti for a weapon, so that the tvíkent kenning ‘strikers of battle-temples’ assumed here appears somewhat overdetermined. The translation here, however, follows Reichardt’s suggestion (1928, 178) that slǫg gunnhǫrga functions effectively as a kenning, exploiting the relation of slǫg with slá ‘to strike’ to mean ‘weapons which strike shields’. (b) Kock (NN §256) takes gunnhǫrga ‘shields’ as acc. pl. rather than gen. pl., and hence a joint object, with slǫg ‘swords’, of gaf ‘gave’, in an unusual use of asyndetic parataxis (i.e. omission of a conj.). This is questioned by Reichardt (1928, 178). (c) Finnur Jónsson in Skj B takes slǫg ‘weapons’ as the object of fórsk undir ‘risked his life against’ (see Note to l. 1 fórsk undir), and construes gunnhǫrga alone as a shield-kenning.

skug ‘’

lǫg ‘’

(not checked:)
lag (noun n.; °-s; *-): layer; (pl.) law

slǫg ‘strikers’

(not checked:)
slag (noun n.; °-s; *-): weapon

[4] slǫg: lǫg J1ˣ, J2ˣ, ‘skug’ Bb

kennings

notes

[2, 4] gaf mǫrgum skǫldum slǫg gunnhǫrga ‘gave many poets strikers of battle-temples [SHIELDS > WEAPONS]’: Weapons were among the conventional rewards given to poets for their poetry; see, e.g., Hfr Lv 11^V (Hallfr 14), celebrating the gift of a sword from Óláfr Tryggvason. The kenning is unusual. Gunnhǫrg(a) ‘battle-temples’ belongs to a pattern well attested among shield-kennings (Meissner 170-1), but slǫg ‘strikers’ is the pl. of slag n., which is itself a heiti for a weapon, so that the tvíkent kenning ‘strikers of battle-temples’ assumed here appears somewhat overdetermined. The translation here, however, follows Reichardt’s suggestion (1928, 178) that slǫg gunnhǫrga functions effectively as a kenning, exploiting the relation of slǫg with slá ‘to strike’ to mean ‘weapons which strike shields’. (b) Kock (NN §256) takes gunnhǫrga ‘shields’ as acc. pl. rather than gen. pl., and hence a joint object, with slǫg ‘swords’, of gaf ‘gave’, in an unusual use of asyndetic parataxis (i.e. omission of a conj.). This is questioned by Reichardt (1928, 178). (c) Finnur Jónsson in Skj B takes slǫg ‘weapons’ as the object of fórsk undir ‘risked his life against’ (see Note to l. 1 fórsk undir), and construes gunnhǫrga alone as a shield-kenning.

manigum ‘’

mǫrgum ‘many’

(not checked:)
2. margr (adj.; °-an): many

[4] mǫrgum: ‘manegum’ J1ˣ

notes

[2, 4] gaf mǫrgum skǫldum slǫg gunnhǫrga ‘gave many poets strikers of battle-temples [SHIELDS > WEAPONS]’: Weapons were among the conventional rewards given to poets for their poetry; see, e.g., Hfr Lv 11^V (Hallfr 14), celebrating the gift of a sword from Óláfr Tryggvason. The kenning is unusual. Gunnhǫrg(a) ‘battle-temples’ belongs to a pattern well attested among shield-kennings (Meissner 170-1), but slǫg ‘strikers’ is the pl. of slag n., which is itself a heiti for a weapon, so that the tvíkent kenning ‘strikers of battle-temples’ assumed here appears somewhat overdetermined. The translation here, however, follows Reichardt’s suggestion (1928, 178) that slǫg gunnhǫrga functions effectively as a kenning, exploiting the relation of slǫg with slá ‘to strike’ to mean ‘weapons which strike shields’. (b) Kock (NN §256) takes gunnhǫrga ‘shields’ as acc. pl. rather than gen. pl., and hence a joint object, with slǫg ‘swords’, of gaf ‘gave’, in an unusual use of asyndetic parataxis (i.e. omission of a conj.). This is questioned by Reichardt (1928, 178). (c) Finnur Jónsson in Skj B takes slǫg ‘weapons’ as the object of fórsk undir ‘risked his life against’ (see Note to l. 1 fórsk undir), and construes gunnhǫrga alone as a shield-kenning.

skíðr ‘’

síð ‘’

(not checked:)
1. síðr (adj.; °compar. -ari): long, hanging < síðþungr (adj.)

Slíðr ‘scabbard’

(not checked:)
2. slíðr (noun n.; °; -): sheath < slíðrtunga (noun f.)

[5] Slíðrtungur: skíðr tungu Bb, síðþungr Flat

kennings

notes

[5] slíðrtungur ‘scabbard-tongues [SWORDS]’: The word for scabbard is normally pl. slíðrar, and this appears in RvHbreiðm Hl 18/5^III tunga slíðra ‘tongue of the scabbard [SWORD]’. The sg. slíðr seen in the present kenning itself means a ‘sliver’, two of which could be bound together to make a scabbard; use of the sg. is paralleled in Mark Lv 2/4^III slíðráll ‘scabbard-eel [SWORD]’.

tungu ‘’

(not checked:)
tunga (noun f.; °-u; -ur): tongue, language

þungr ‘’

(not checked:)
þungr (adj.): heavy < síðþungr (adj.)

tungur ‘tongues’

(not checked:)
tunga (noun f.; °-u; -ur): tongue, language < slíðrtunga (noun f.)

[5] Slíðrtungur: skíðr tungu Bb, síðþungr Flat

kennings

notes

[5] slíðrtungur ‘scabbard-tongues [SWORDS]’: The word for scabbard is normally pl. slíðrar, and this appears in RvHbreiðm Hl 18/5^III tunga slíðra ‘tongue of the scabbard [SWORD]’. The sg. slíðr seen in the present kenning itself means a ‘sliver’, two of which could be bound together to make a scabbard; use of the sg. is paralleled in Mark Lv 2/4^III slíðráll ‘scabbard-eel [SWORD]’.

lét ‘made’

(not checked:)
láta (verb): let, have sth done

slyngja ‘’

(not checked:)
slyngja (verb): [throws]

syngja ‘’

(not checked:)
syngja (verb): sing

syngva ‘sing’

(not checked:)
syngja (verb): sing

[5] syngva: so F, syngja Kˣ, J1ˣ, J2ˣ, Bb, Flat, slyngja 61

sverð ‘sword’

(not checked:)
sverð (noun n.; °-s; -): sword < sverðleikr (noun m.): sword-play

kennings

sverð ‘sword’

(not checked:)
sverð (noun n.; °-s; -): sword < sverðleikr (noun m.): sword-play

kennings

leiks ‘play’

(not checked:)
1. leikr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -/-i; -ar): sport, play < sverðleikr (noun m.): sword-play

kennings

leiks ‘play’

(not checked:)
1. leikr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -/-i; -ar): sport, play < sverðleikr (noun m.): sword-play

kennings

reginn ‘The god of’

(not checked:)
reginn (noun m.): reginn

kennings

notes

[6] reginn ‘the god’: Reginn appears as the base-word of a warrior-kenning here and occasionally elsewhere, though its identity is uncertain. It seems to be a m. sg. counterpart to n. pl. regin ‘gods’, but association with the dwarf-name Reginn (see Note to Hhárf Snædr 1/7) is also possible. See further LP: reginn (where Finnur Jónsson suggests bevæger ‘mover’), Meissner 264 and Note to Þjóð Haustl 12/6^III.

ferðar ‘’

(not checked:)
ferð (noun f.; °-ar; -ir/-arMork 196¹²)): host, journey

firðir ‘’

(not checked:)
1. firðr (noun m.; °; -ir): pl. Firðir

ferðir ‘troops’

(not checked:)
ferð (noun f.; °-ar; -ir/-arMork 196¹²)): host, journey

[6] ferðir: firðir J1ˣ, J2ˣ, ferðar 61, Bb, Flat

sendi ‘sent’

(not checked:)
senda (verb): send

gramr ‘the prince’

(not checked:)
1. gramr (noun m.): ruler

af ‘’

(not checked:)
af (prep.): from

at ‘to’

(not checked:)
3. at (prep.): at, to

[7] at: af Bb

grunni ‘’

(not checked:)
1. grunnr (noun m.): bottom, shallows

grundu ‘the ground’

(not checked:)
grund (noun f.): earth, land

[7] grundu: grunni Bb

gunn ‘’

(not checked:)
gunnr (noun f.): battle < gunnvǫrpuðr (noun m.)

goll ‘of gold’

(not checked:)
gull (noun n.): gold < gullvǫrpuðr (noun m.)gull (noun n.): gold < gullvǫrpuðr (noun m.)

[8] goll‑: gunn‑ J1ˣ, J2ˣ

kennings

notes

[8] gollvarpaða* ‘of gold-throwers [GENEROUS MEN]’: (a) This edn tentatively follows Konráð Gíslason (1866b, 190-4) and Finnur Jónsson (Skj B; LP: gollvǫrpuðr) in interpreting gollvǫrpuðr as a kenning for a generous man, ‘one who throws, distributes gold’ (cf. Meissner 323), and construing it, with emendation of ‑varpaðar to gen. pl. ‑varpaða, as part of the phrase ferðir gollvarpaða ‘troops of gold-distributors’. The ‑ar in the mss could perhaps have arisen by anticipation of the following snarpar. (b) Kock (NN §257) disputes this interpretation on the grounds that a victorious king would be described as a generous ‘gold-distributor’, but hardly his victims, and avoids emendation by interpreting gollvarpaðar as a f. acc. pl. adj., lit. ‘gold-thrown’, describing the ferðir ‘troops’ to whom gold is distributed. This solution is adopted in ÍF 26 (where snarpar ‘keen’ is also taken to modify ferðir). However, emendation seems preferable since the concept of ‘throwing’, i.e. distributing gold is so firmly associated with the kenning type of the generous man, while it is doubtful whether a term for ‘thrown’ could mean ‘endowed with’ or ‘having received’ in a cpd adj.

varpaðar ‘’

(not checked:)
varpaðr (noun m.): [thrower] < gullvǫrpuðr (noun m.)

varpaða* ‘throwers’

(not checked:)
-vǫrpuðr (noun m.): -thrower < gullvǫrpuðr (noun m.)-vǫrpuðr (noun m.): -thrower < gunnvǫrpuðr (noun m.)

[8] ‑varpaða*: ‑varpaðar all

kennings

notes

[8] gollvarpaða* ‘of gold-throwers [GENEROUS MEN]’: (a) This edn tentatively follows Konráð Gíslason (1866b, 190-4) and Finnur Jónsson (Skj B; LP: gollvǫrpuðr) in interpreting gollvǫrpuðr as a kenning for a generous man, ‘one who throws, distributes gold’ (cf. Meissner 323), and construing it, with emendation of ‑varpaðar to gen. pl. ‑varpaða, as part of the phrase ferðir gollvarpaða ‘troops of gold-distributors’. The ‑ar in the mss could perhaps have arisen by anticipation of the following snarpar. (b) Kock (NN §257) disputes this interpretation on the grounds that a victorious king would be described as a generous ‘gold-distributor’, but hardly his victims, and avoids emendation by interpreting gollvarpaðar as a f. acc. pl. adj., lit. ‘gold-thrown’, describing the ferðir ‘troops’ to whom gold is distributed. This solution is adopted in ÍF 26 (where snarpar ‘keen’ is also taken to modify ferðir). However, emendation seems preferable since the concept of ‘throwing’, i.e. distributing gold is so firmly associated with the kenning type of the generous man, while it is doubtful whether a term for ‘thrown’ could mean ‘endowed with’ or ‘having received’ in a cpd adj.

snarpar ‘keen’

(not checked:)
snarpr (adj.): sharp, keen

kennings