Glúmr Gráf 3I
Alison Finlay (ed.) 2012, ‘Glúmr Geirason, Gráfeldardrápa 3’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 251.
Dolg ‘of the battle’
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dolg (noun n.): battle, enemy < dolgeisa (noun f.)
[1] Dolg‑: so F, J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 61, Bb, Flat, døkk Kˣ
kennings
gjóðum dísar dolgeisu;‘of ospreys of the goddess of the battle-fire; ’
= RAVENS/EAGLES
the battle-fire; → SWORD
the goddess of the SWORD → VALKYRIE
ospreys of the VALKYRIE → RAVENS/EAGLES
Dolg ‘of the battle’
(not checked:)
dolg (noun n.): battle, enemy < dolgeisa (noun f.)
[1] Dolg‑: so F, J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 61, Bb, Flat, døkk Kˣ
kennings
gjóðum dísar dolgeisu;‘of ospreys of the goddess of the battle-fire; ’
= RAVENS/EAGLES
the battle-fire; → SWORD
the goddess of the SWORD → VALKYRIE
ospreys of the VALKYRIE → RAVENS/EAGLES
Dolg ‘of the battle’
(not checked:)
dolg (noun n.): battle, enemy < dolgeisa (noun f.)
[1] Dolg‑: so F, J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 61, Bb, Flat, døkk Kˣ
kennings
gjóðum dísar dolgeisu;‘of ospreys of the goddess of the battle-fire; ’
= RAVENS/EAGLES
the battle-fire; → SWORD
the goddess of the SWORD → VALKYRIE
ospreys of the VALKYRIE → RAVENS/EAGLES
eisu ‘fire’
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1. eisa (noun f.; °; -ur): flame, ember < dolgeisa (noun f.)1. eisa (noun f.; °; -ur): flame, ember < døkkeisa (noun f.)
kennings
gjóðum dísar dolgeisu;‘of ospreys of the goddess of the battle-fire; ’
= RAVENS/EAGLES
the battle-fire; → SWORD
the goddess of the SWORD → VALKYRIE
ospreys of the VALKYRIE → RAVENS/EAGLES
eisu ‘fire’
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1. eisa (noun f.; °; -ur): flame, ember < dolgeisa (noun f.)1. eisa (noun f.; °; -ur): flame, ember < døkkeisa (noun f.)
kennings
gjóðum dísar dolgeisu;‘of ospreys of the goddess of the battle-fire; ’
= RAVENS/EAGLES
the battle-fire; → SWORD
the goddess of the SWORD → VALKYRIE
ospreys of the VALKYRIE → RAVENS/EAGLES
eisu ‘fire’
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1. eisa (noun f.; °; -ur): flame, ember < dolgeisa (noun f.)1. eisa (noun f.; °; -ur): flame, ember < døkkeisa (noun f.)
kennings
gjóðum dísar dolgeisu;‘of ospreys of the goddess of the battle-fire; ’
= RAVENS/EAGLES
the battle-fire; → SWORD
the goddess of the SWORD → VALKYRIE
ospreys of the VALKYRIE → RAVENS/EAGLES
rak ‘pursued’
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2. reka (verb): drive, force
dísar ‘of the goddess’
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dís (noun f.; °; -ir): dís, woman
kennings
gjóðum dísar dolgeisu;‘of ospreys of the goddess of the battle-fire; ’
= RAVENS/EAGLES
the battle-fire; → SWORD
the goddess of the SWORD → VALKYRIE
ospreys of the VALKYRIE → RAVENS/EAGLES
dísar ‘of the goddess’
(not checked:)
dís (noun f.; °; -ir): dís, woman
kennings
gjóðum dísar dolgeisu;‘of ospreys of the goddess of the battle-fire; ’
= RAVENS/EAGLES
the battle-fire; → SWORD
the goddess of the SWORD → VALKYRIE
ospreys of the VALKYRIE → RAVENS/EAGLES
drótt ‘a war-band’
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1. drótt (noun f.): troop
kom ‘took’
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koma (verb; kem, kom/kvam, kominn): come
mǫrg ‘many’
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2. margr (adj.; °-an): many
á ‘to’
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3. á (prep.): on, at
flótta ‘flight’
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flótti (noun m.): flight, fleeing
gumna ‘of men’
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gumi (noun m.; °-a; gumar/gumnar): man
kennings
Vinr gumna‘The friend of men ’
= RULER = Haraldr
The friend of men → RULER = Haraldr
vinr ‘The friend’
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vinr (noun m.; °-ar, dat. -/(-i OsvReyk 92.17); -ir): friend
kennings
Vinr gumna‘The friend of men ’
= RULER = Haraldr
The friend of men → RULER = Haraldr
af ‘’
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af (prep.): from
gamni ‘the enjoyment’
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gaman (noun n.): joy, pleasure
gjóðum ‘of ospreys’
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gjóðr (noun m.; °-s; -ar): osprey
kennings
gjóðum dísar dolgeisu;‘of ospreys of the goddess of the battle-fire; ’
= RAVENS/EAGLES
the battle-fire; → SWORD
the goddess of the SWORD → VALKYRIE
ospreys of the VALKYRIE → RAVENS/EAGLES
ískrar ‘’
írskrar ‘’
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írskr (adj.): Irish
írsk*ar ‘Irish’
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írskr (adj.): Irish
[4] írsk*ar: írskrar Kˣ, J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 61, ‘iskrar’ F, Bb, Flat
notes
[4] írsk*ar þjóðir ‘Irish troops’: The gen. sg. form írskrar þjóðar in the mss can be taken with drótt, hence ‘troop of Irish people’, but this produces a more complex word order and entails difficulty with the kennings (see Note to ll. 1-4). The phrase is therefore emended here (as in Skj B and Skald) to form the acc. pl. object of rak ‘pursued’. The reference to Irish opponents produced by either interpretation supports the account in Hkr (see Context to st. 2 above) of raids undertaken by Haraldr and his brothers í vestrvíking ‘on expeditions to the West’, i.e. the British Isles.
þjóðar ‘’
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þjóð (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -/-u; -ir): people
notes
[4] írsk*ar þjóðir ‘Irish troops’: The gen. sg. form írskrar þjóðar in the mss can be taken with drótt, hence ‘troop of Irish people’, but this produces a more complex word order and entails difficulty with the kennings (see Note to ll. 1-4). The phrase is therefore emended here (as in Skj B and Skald) to form the acc. pl. object of rak ‘pursued’. The reference to Irish opponents produced by either interpretation supports the account in Hkr (see Context to st. 2 above) of raids undertaken by Haraldr and his brothers í vestrvíking ‘on expeditions to the West’, i.e. the British Isles.
er ‘’
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2. er (conj.): who, which, when
þar ‘’
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þar (adv.): there
fell ‘’
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falla (verb): fall
kennings
Freyr foldar eggjar mækis‘The Freyr of the land of the blade of the sword ’
= WARRIOR
the land of the blade of the sword → SHIELD
The Freyr of the SHIELD → WARRIOR
kennings
Freyr foldar eggjar mækis‘The Freyr of the land of the blade of the sword ’
= WARRIOR
the land of the blade of the sword → SHIELD
The Freyr of the SHIELD → WARRIOR
roð ‘’
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rǫð (noun f.; °; -ir): ridge
ok ‘and’
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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
felldi ‘killed’
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3. fella (verb): fell, kill
Freyr ‘The Freyr’
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Freyr (noun m.): (a god)
kennings
Freyr foldar eggjar mækis‘The Freyr of the land of the blade of the sword ’
= WARRIOR
the land of the blade of the sword → SHIELD
The Freyr of the SHIELD → WARRIOR
í ‘in’
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í (prep.): in, into
manna ‘of men’
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maðr (noun m.): man, person
dreyra ‘the blood’
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dreyri (noun m.; °-a): blood
sunnr ‘’
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sunnr (adv.): south
svá ‘’
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svá (adv.): so, thus
sunnr ‘’
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sunnr (adv.): south
sverð ‘the sword’
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sverð (noun n.; °-s; -): sword
[7] sverð vas sigr of orðinn (‘suerð var sigr of uorðinn’): so 61, Flat, ‘sunnr a sigr um hlinninn’ Kˣ, sunnr á sigrs of hlunninn F, sverð á sigr of hlunnin J1ˣ, J2ˣ, svá er varð sigr of orðinn Bb
er ‘’
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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am
vas ‘came’
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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am
[7] sverð vas sigr of orðinn (‘suerð var sigr of uorðinn’): so 61, Flat, ‘sunnr a sigr um hlinninn’ Kˣ, sunnr á sigrs of hlunninn F, sverð á sigr of hlunnin J1ˣ, J2ˣ, svá er varð sigr of orðinn Bb
sigrs ‘’
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sigr (noun m.; °sigrs/sigrar, dat. sigri; sigrar): victory
sigr ‘victory’
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sigr (noun m.; °sigrs/sigrar, dat. sigri; sigrar): victory
[7] sverð vas sigr of orðinn (‘suerð var sigr of uorðinn’): so 61, Flat, ‘sunnr a sigr um hlinninn’ Kˣ, sunnr á sigrs of hlunninn F, sverð á sigr of hlunnin J1ˣ, J2ˣ, svá er varð sigr of orðinn Bb
um ‘’
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2. um (particle): (particle)
of ‘’
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4. of (particle): (before verb)
[7] sverð vas sigr of orðinn (‘suerð var sigr of uorðinn’): so 61, Flat, ‘sunnr a sigr um hlinninn’ Kˣ, sunnr á sigrs of hlunninn F, sverð á sigr of hlunnin J1ˣ, J2ˣ, svá er varð sigr of orðinn Bb
hlunninn ‘’
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hlunnr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): roller
hlunnin ‘’
hlinninn ‘’
orðinn ‘about’
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2. vinna (verb): perform, work
[7] sverð vas sigr of orðinn (‘suerð var sigr of uorðinn’): so 61, Flat, ‘sunnr a sigr um hlinninn’ Kˣ, sunnr á sigrs of hlunninn F, sverð á sigr of hlunnin J1ˣ, J2ˣ, svá er varð sigr of orðinn Bb
seggi ‘warriors’
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seggr (noun m.; °; -ir): man
mækis ‘of the sword’
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mækir (noun m.): sword
kennings
Freyr foldar eggjar mækis‘The Freyr of the land of the blade of the sword ’
= WARRIOR
the land of the blade of the sword → SHIELD
The Freyr of the SHIELD → WARRIOR
mækis ‘of the sword’
(not checked:)
mækir (noun m.): sword
kennings
Freyr foldar eggjar mækis‘The Freyr of the land of the blade of the sword ’
= WARRIOR
the land of the blade of the sword → SHIELD
The Freyr of the SHIELD → WARRIOR
eggju ‘’
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1. egg (noun f.; °-jar, dat. -ju/-): edge, blade
eggja ‘’
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1. egg (noun f.; °-jar, dat. -ju/-): edge, blade
eggjar ‘of the blade’
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1. egg (noun f.; °-jar, dat. -ju/-): edge, blade
[8] eggjar: eggja Bb, eggju Flat
kennings
Freyr foldar eggjar mækis‘The Freyr of the land of the blade of the sword ’
= WARRIOR
the land of the blade of the sword → SHIELD
The Freyr of the SHIELD → WARRIOR
eggjar ‘of the blade’
(not checked:)
1. egg (noun f.; °-jar, dat. -ju/-): edge, blade
[8] eggjar: eggja Bb, eggju Flat
kennings
Freyr foldar eggjar mækis‘The Freyr of the land of the blade of the sword ’
= WARRIOR
the land of the blade of the sword → SHIELD
The Freyr of the SHIELD → WARRIOR
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
|
Dolgeisu rak dísar |
The friend of men [RULER = Haraldr] pursued Irish troops to the enjoyment of ospreys of the goddess of the battle-fire [SWORD > VALKYRIE > RAVENS/EAGLES]; many a war-band took to flight. The Freyr <god> of the land of the blade of the sword [SHIELD > WARRIOR] reddened the sword in the blood of men and killed warriors; victory came about.
This stanza follows immediately after st. 2.
See Note to st. 2. — [1-4]: Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson (ÍF 26; see also Fms) avoids the emendation of ms. írskrar þjóðar (see Note to l. 4) by taking rak dolgeisu together to mean ‘waged war, harried’. He sees this as parallel to vann rógeisu ‘made battle-fire, fierce conflict’, i.e. ‘proceeded with fire and the sword’ in st. 2/5 above (ÍF 26, 155 n.). However, dolg and róg both mean ‘battle’, and when compounded with eisa ‘fire’ form a well-attested pattern of sword-kenning (Meissner 150, which includes these two examples). Further, Bjarni’s interpretation leaves gjóðir dísar ‘ospreys of the dís’ as a raven-kenning in which dís, a female being, usually supernatural (LP: dís), signifies ‘valkyrie’ without a determinant. There are no other certain examples of this, and it is more satisfactory to read dolgeisa in the sense ‘sword’ as the determinant of the valkyrie-kenning. — [2]: The line is identical to Hókr Eirfl 7/8 and almost identical to Hfr ErfÓl 1/2. — [5-8]: The difficulty of this helmingr is reflected in the variety of readings for l. 7. There are at least four possibilities. (a) The interpretation adopted here, like (b) and (c), is based on the reading of 61 and Flat in l. 7. A slight drawback is that the shield-kenning is somewhat overdetermined, since mækis ‘of the sword’ and possibly eggjar ‘of the blade’ would suffice as the determinant (cf. Meissner 173-4). However, eggja mækis ‘of the sword’s blades’ occurs as the determinant of a kenning in st. 10/2. (b) In the interpretation of Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) the warrior-kenning is Freyr sverðfoldar ‘the Freyr <god> of the sword-land [SHIELD > WARRIOR]’, but this assumes that sverð ‘sword’, the first possible object for rauð ‘reddened’, would be understood not as an object but part of a kenning with tmesis (of which this would be an unusually early example; cf. the criticism by Kock in NN §255). (c) Kock offers the simpler reading foldar Freyr rauð sverð í manna dreyra ok fel(l)di seggi mækis eggjum ‘the Freyr of the land reddened the sword in men’s blood and brought men down with the sword’s blades’. He takes eggju ‘blade’ in Flat as dat. pl. eggjum, though the f. dat. sg. eggju can be retained with the same sense. As a ruler-kenning, Freyr foldar ‘Freyr of the land’ resembles forms such as vǫrðr grundar ‘guardian of ground’ (st. 5/4 below), but differs crucially in having a god-name as base-word, more usual in warrior-kennings. (d) Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson in ÍF 26 follows the Kˣ reading in l. 7, giving the order foldar Freyr rauð mækis eggjar í manna dreyra ok feldi seggi sunnr, of hlynninn á sigr ‘the Freyr of land reddened the sword’s edges in men’s blood and killed men in the south, fostering victory’. The word *hlynninn does not occur elsewhere but is derived by Bjarni from the rare verb hlynna ‘to launch, help (someone) on their way’, and in ModIcel. ‘to foster’.
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