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Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages

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Gamlkan Has 31VII

Katrina Attwood (ed.) 2007, ‘Gamli kanóki, Harmsól 31’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 99-100.

Gamli kanókiHarmsól
303132

Enn mun ǫðru sinni
ǫðlingr koma hingat
mána tjalds inn mildi
meðr til dóms at kveðja.
Geisar eldr ok œsisk
ǫlna fold; ór moldu
ferð vaknar þá fyrða
flest við ugg inn mesta.

Enn mun {inn mildi ǫðlingr {tjalds mána}} koma hingat ǫðru sinni at kveðja meðr til dóms. Eldr geisar ok {fold ǫlna} œsisk; flest ferð fyrða vaknar þá ór moldu við inn mesta ugg.

Again {the gentle ruler {of the tent of the moon}} [SKY/HEAVEN > = God (= Christ)] will come here a second time to call men to judgement. Fire will rage and {the land of the mackerel} [SEA] will surge; most of the troop of men will awaken then from the grave [lit. from the soil] with the greatest terror.

Mss: B(13r), 399a-bˣ

Readings: [1] mun: so 399a‑bˣ, ‘m[...]’ B;    ǫðru sinni: ‘o᷎dr[...]nne’ B, ‘o᷎drụ ṣịnne’(?) 399a‑bˣ, ‘o᷎dr[...] (s)[...](nn)æ’(?) BRydberg, ‘o᷎d(ru si)nne’(?) BFJ    [2] hingat: ‘h[...]ngat’ B, ‘h(in)gat’(?) 399a‑bˣ    [3] mána: so 399a‑bˣ, ‘[...]ana’ B;    tjalds: so 399a‑bˣ, ‘t[...]lldz’ B    [4] til dóms at kveðja: ‘[...]m[...]ia’ B, ‘til dóms [...]ia’ 399a‑bˣ, ‘til doms a[...]dia’ BRydberg, ‘til dóms [...]ia’ BFJ    [7] fyrða: so 399a‑bˣ, ‘[...]da’ B

Editions: Skj AI, 566, Skj BI, 556, Skald I, 270; Sveinbjörn Egilsson 1844, 23, Kempff 1867, 9-10, Rydberg 1907, 25, Black 1971, 218, Attwood 1996a, 229.

Notes: [All]: The turmoil associated with the Second Coming and Last Judgement is a recurrent theme in medieval eschatological literature and art. It is difficult to find precise parallels with Gamli’s account. The locus classicus is Rev. XX, where the account includes mention of punishing fire and of the resurrection of the dead (Rev. XX.12, 15). The account of the ‘Day of the Lord’ in the Second Epistle of Peter (2 Pet III.10-11) stresses that destruction will be by fire, not by water, as in the days of Noah. The raising of the dead is also a tenet of Pauline eschatology (1 Cor. XV.52). Turville-Petre (1953, 163) and Lange (1958a, 146) note that there are some parallels between this st. and the account of Ragnarǫk in Vsp 54. — [1-4]: B fol. 13r, l.1 is dark and badly worn (partly as a result of earlier restoration attempts). It has therefore been necessary to rely heavily on previous transcriptions of the ms., most notably that of 399a-bˣ, to reconstruct the text. Where earlier eds are uncertain of the reading (notably with kveðja in l. 4), rhyme and alliteration have been used as guides for confirmation of their reconstructions. — [4] meðr ‘men’: An early form of the nom. pl. of maðr ‘man’, which was later assimilated to mennr and eventually to menn. CVC: maðr lists several occurrences in poetry, all in texts dating from the C11th and C12th. On meðr and the assimilation of þr/ðr to nnr, which Noreen dates to the late Viking period, see ANG §§261, 277b. — [6] fold ǫlna ‘land of the mackerel [SEA]’: The identical kenning occurs in HSt Rst 27/7I.

References

  1. Bibliography
  2. Skald = Kock, Ernst Albin, ed. 1946-50. Den norsk-isländska skaldediktningen. 2 vols. Lund: Gleerup.
  3. CVC = Cleasby, Richard, Gudbrand Vigfusson [Guðbrandur Vigfússon] and W. A. Craigie. 1957. An Icelandic-English Dictionary. 2nd edn. Oxford: Clarendon.
  4. Attwood, Katrina. 1996a. ‘The Poems of MS AM 757a 4to: An Edition and Contextual Study’. Ph.D. thesis. University of Leeds.
  5. ANG = Noreen, Adolf. 1923. Altnordische Grammatik I: Altisländische und altnorwegische Grammatik (Laut- und Flexionslehre) unter Berücksichtigung des Urnordischen. 4th edn. Halle: Niemeyer. 1st edn. 1884. 5th unrev. edn. 1970. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
  6. Black, Elizabeth L. 1971. ‘Harmsól: an edition’. B. Litt. thesis. University of Oxford.
  7. Rydberg, Hugo, ed. 1907. ‘Die geistlichen Drápur und Dróttkvættfragmente des Cod. AM 757 4to.’. Ph.D. thesis. University of Lund. Copenhagen: Møller.
  8. Turville-Petre, Gabriel. 1953. Origins of Icelandic Literature. Oxford: Clarendon.
  9. Kempff, Hjalmar, ed. 1867. Kaniken Gamles ‘Harmsól’ (Sol i Sorgen): isländskt andligt qväde från medeltiden med öfversättning och förklaringar. Uppsala: Edquist & Berglund.
  10. Lange, Wolfgang. 1958a. Studien zur christlichen Dichtung der Nordgermanen 1000-1200. Palaestra 222. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
  11. Sveinbjörn Egilsson, ed. 1844. Fjøgur gømul kvæði. Boðsrit til að hlusta á þá opinberu yfirheyrslu í Bessastaða Skóla þann 22-29 mai 1844. Viðeyar Klaustri: prentuð af Helga Helgasyni, á kostnað Bessastaða Skóla. Bessastaðir: Helgi Helgason.
  12. Internal references
  13. Not published: do not cite ()
  14. Rolf Stavnem (ed.) 2012, ‘Hallar-Steinn, Rekstefja 27’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 929.
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