Gamlkan Has 29VII
Katrina Attwood (ed.) 2007, ‘Gamli kanóki, Harmsól 29’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 97-8.
Leitt ‘you rose’
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1. líða (verb): move, glide
í ‘into’
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í (prep.): in, into
lopt ‘the sky’
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loft (noun n.): air, sky
upp ‘up’
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upp (adv.): up
dróttinn ‘lord’
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dróttinn (noun m.; °dróttins, dat. dróttni (drottini [$1049$]); dróttnar): lord, master
[1] dróttinn: ‘drotte[...]’ B, ‘drotte(nn)’(?) 399a‑bˣ, BRydberg, ‘drotten’ BFJ
kennings
Fylgjandi dróttinn himins,‘Helping lord of heaven, ’
= Christ
Helping lord of heaven, → Christ
litu ‘saw’
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líta (verb): look, see; appear
gǫrla ‘clearly’
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gǫrla (adv.): quite, fully
himins ‘of heaven’
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himinn (noun m.; °himins, dat. himni; himnar): heaven, sky
kennings
Fylgjandi dróttinn himins,‘Helping lord of heaven, ’
= Christ
Helping lord of heaven, → Christ
fylgjandi ‘Helping’
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2. fylgja (verb): follow, accompany
[3] fylgjandi: so 399a‑bˣ, ‘f[...]de’ B
kennings
Fylgjandi dróttinn himins,‘Helping lord of heaven, ’
= Christ
Helping lord of heaven, → Christ
helgu ‘with holy’
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heilagr (adj.; °helgan; compar. -ari, superl. -astr): holy, sacred
holdi ‘flesh’
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hold (noun n.; °-s; -): flesh
skrýddr ‘clothed’
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2. skrýða (verb): adorn, clothe
[4] skrýddr: so 399a‑bˣ, ‘[...]yddr’ B
af ‘from’
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af (prep.): from
foldu ‘earth’
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fold (noun f.): land
Áðr ‘before’
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áðr (adv.; °//): before
trúir ‘believes’
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2. trúa (verb): to believe (in)
ǫld ‘mankind’
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ǫld (noun f.; °; aldir): people, age
ok ‘and’
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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also
síðan ‘since’
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síðan (adv.): later, then
al ‘altogether’
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al- ((prefix)): very < aldýrr (adj.): very precious
dýran ‘glorious’
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dýrr (adj.; °compar. -ri/-ari, superl. -str/-astr): precious < aldýrr (adj.): very precious
þik ‘you’
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þú (pron.; °gen. þín, dat. þér, acc. þik): you
stýra ‘govern’
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stýra (verb): steer, control
skrín ‘of the shrine’
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skrín (noun n.; °-s; -): shrine < skríngeypnandi (noun m.)
kennings
Skýstalls skrín geypnandi,‘cloud-platform’s shrine-holder’
= God
the cloud-platform, → SKY/HEAVEN
the shrine of the SKY/HEAVEN → SUN
Holder of the SUN → God
skrín ‘of the shrine’
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skrín (noun n.; °-s; -): shrine < skríngeypnandi (noun m.)
kennings
Skýstalls skrín geypnandi,‘cloud-platform’s shrine-holder’
= God
the cloud-platform, → SKY/HEAVEN
the shrine of the SKY/HEAVEN → SUN
Holder of the SUN → God
geypnandi ‘Holder’
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geypnandi (adj.): holder in hand < skríngeypnandi (noun m.)
[7] ‑geypnandi: ‘‑geyp[...]e’ B, 399a‑bˣ, ‘‑gæyp[...](n)dæ’(?) BRydberg, ‘‑geyp(na)nde’(?) BFJ
kennings
Skýstalls skrín geypnandi,‘cloud-platform’s shrine-holder’
= God
the cloud-platform, → SKY/HEAVEN
the shrine of the SKY/HEAVEN → SUN
Holder of the SUN → God
skepnu ‘of creation’
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skepna (noun f.; °-u; -ur): creation
ský ‘of the cloud’
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ský (noun n.; °-s; -): cloud < skýstallr (noun m.)
kennings
Skýstalls skrín geypnandi,‘cloud-platform’s shrine-holder’
= God
the cloud-platform, → SKY/HEAVEN
the shrine of the SKY/HEAVEN → SUN
Holder of the SUN → God
ský ‘of the cloud’
(not checked:)
ský (noun n.; °-s; -): cloud < skýstallr (noun m.)
kennings
Skýstalls skrín geypnandi,‘cloud-platform’s shrine-holder’
= God
the cloud-platform, → SKY/HEAVEN
the shrine of the SKY/HEAVEN → SUN
Holder of the SUN → God
ský ‘of the cloud’
(not checked:)
ský (noun n.; °-s; -): cloud < skýstallr (noun m.)
kennings
Skýstalls skrín geypnandi,‘cloud-platform’s shrine-holder’
= God
the cloud-platform, → SKY/HEAVEN
the shrine of the SKY/HEAVEN → SUN
Holder of the SUN → God
stalls ‘platform’
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stallr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): seat, stall, support < skýstallr (noun m.)
kennings
Skýstalls skrín geypnandi,‘cloud-platform’s shrine-holder’
= God
the cloud-platform, → SKY/HEAVEN
the shrine of the SKY/HEAVEN → SUN
Holder of the SUN → God
stalls ‘platform’
(not checked:)
stallr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): seat, stall, support < skýstallr (noun m.)
kennings
Skýstalls skrín geypnandi,‘cloud-platform’s shrine-holder’
= God
the cloud-platform, → SKY/HEAVEN
the shrine of the SKY/HEAVEN → SUN
Holder of the SUN → God
stalls ‘platform’
(not checked:)
stallr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): seat, stall, support < skýstallr (noun m.)
kennings
Skýstalls skrín geypnandi,‘cloud-platform’s shrine-holder’
= God
the cloud-platform, → SKY/HEAVEN
the shrine of the SKY/HEAVEN → SUN
Holder of the SUN → God
sælu ‘the bliss’
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1. sæla (noun f.; °-u; -ur): bliss
allri ‘all’
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allr (adj.): all
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
|
Leitt í lopt upp, dróttinn |
Helping lord of heaven [= Christ], you rose up into the sky from earth, clothed with holy flesh; wise men saw that clearly. Holder of the shrine of the cloud-platform [(lit. ‘cloud-platform’s shrine-holder’) SKY/HEAVEN > SUN > = God (= Christ)], mankind believes, before and since, that you, altogether glorious, govern all the bliss of creation.
[1-4]: There have been various attempts to interpret this helmingr. Kempff (1867, 41) follows Sveinbjörn Egilsson (prose arrangement in 444ˣ) in taking vitrar from vitr ‘wise’. They construe this with fylgjandi (l. 3) to give the phrase fylgjandi vitrar ‘wise followers’, which Kempff interprets as a reference to the Apostles, who witnessed the Ascension. Finnur Jónsson appears to take fylgjandi as pres. part. of fylgja ‘to accompany’, adjectival in force, amplifying skrýddr in the expression skrýddr, fylgjandi helgu holdi, which he translates forklaret følgende dit hellige legeme ‘transfigured (or glorified) following your holy body’ (Skj B). As Kock (NN §2111) objects, Finnur’s meaning is elusive. Kock quotes parallels from Líkn and Lil (see following Note) in support of his reading of skrýddr helgu holdi ‘clothed with your holy flesh’ as a logical unit, and construes fylgjandi (which he translated as ‘helping’) as part of the God-kenning fylgjandi dróttinn himins ‘helping lord of heaven’. Black (1971, 213) adopts this arrangement, translating fylgjandi as ‘gracious’, an attempt to characterise the nature of Christ’s ‘help’. For uses of fylgja to mean ‘help, assist, show kindness’, which are by no means unusual, see Fritzner: fylgja. Kock’s interpretation has been followed here, although it and that in Skj B also require emendation to vitrir nom. pl. in l. 2. Jón Helgason (1935-6, 254) suggests that B’s ‘drotte…’ (l. 1) should be reconstructed dróttir nom. pl. of drótt ‘people’, which may be construed with B’s reading vitrar ‘wise’ (l. 2). This has the advantage of avoiding the need to emend in l. 2, but leaves a Christ-kenning, fylgjandi himins, where fylgjandi (pres. part.) has to function as a noun.
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