Eyv Lv 9^I

Fullu skein á fjǫllum
fallsól bráa vallar
Ullar kjóls of allan
aldr Hôkonar skǫldum.
Nús alfrǫðull elfar
jǫtna dolgs of folginn
— rôð eru rammrar þjóðar
rík — í móður líki.

{Fallsól {vallar bráa} Fullu} skein á {fjǫllum {kjóls Ullar}} skǫldum of allan aldr Hôkonar. Nús {alfrǫðull elfar} of folginn í {líki móður {dolgs jǫtna}}; rôð rammrar þjóðar eru rík.

{The setting sun {of the plain of the brows of Fulla <goddess>}} [FOREHEAD > GOLD] shone on {the mountains {of the ship of Ullr <god>}} [SHIELD > ARMS/HANDS] of skalds throughout Hákon’s whole lifetime. Now {the sun of the river} [GOLD] is hidden in {the body of the mother {of the enemy of the giants}} [= Þórr > = Jǫrð (jǫrð ‘earth’)]; the resolutions of the mighty people are powerful.

Mss: Kˣ(108v), F(19ra), J1ˣ(65r), J2ˣ(62v) (Hkr); 61(6va), Bb(8vb) (ÓT); FskBˣ(14v), FskAˣ(63) (Fsk); R(28r) (ll. 1-4), R(26r) (ll. 5-8), Tˣ(29r) (ll. 1-4), Tˣ(27r) (ll. 5-8), W(60) (ll. 1-4), W(56) (ll. 5-8), U(30v) (ll. 1-4), U(42r) (ll. 1-4), U(29r-v) (ll. 5-8), B(5r) (ll. 5-8) (SnE)

Readings: [1] Fullu: so R, Tˣ, W, U(30v), U(42r), fyllar Kˣ, F, FskBˣ, fullar J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 61, Bb, ‘fillar’ FskAˣ;    á: af F    [2] fallsól bráa: so F, J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 61, Bb, R, Tˣ, W, U(30v), ‘fall sol bla’ Kˣ, fallsólar brá FskBˣ, ‘fall solbraar’ FskAˣ, fjallsól brá U(42r);    vallar: valla FskAˣ    [3] Ullar: ull W;    of (‘vm’): ef Bb    [4] Hôkonar: ‘hakonr’ J1ˣ;    skǫldum: skjǫldum FskBˣ    [5] alf‑: afl‑ FskBˣ;    ‑rǫðull: ‑rǫðul F, ‑rauðr Bb    [6] of (‘vm’): ‘for’ J1ˣ, af B    [7] rôð: rof U;    eru: ‘eno’ Tˣ;    rammrar: rammar FskBˣ    [8] rík í móður líki: ríkmagnaðrar slíkrar B;    í: om. J1ˣ;    móður líki: blank space W

Editions: Skj AI, 73, Skj BI, 64, Skald I, 40; Hkr 1893-1901, I, 226-7, IV, 63, ÍF 26, 201, Hkr 1991, I, 133 (HGráf ch. 1), F 1871, 86; Fms 1, 50, Fms 12, 31, ÓT 1958-2000, I, 49 (ch. 31); Fsk 1902-3, 54 (ch. 13), ÍF 29, 99-100 (ch. 14); SnE 1848-87, I, 320-1, 346-7, II, 315, 319, 358, 527, SnE 1931, 115, 125, SnE 1998, I, 35, 43; Krause 1990, 250-4.

Context: As for Lv 8 in the kings’ sagas. The first helmingr is cited in SnE (twice in U) in a section illustrating kennings for ‘gold’, and the second in one illustrating kennings for ‘earth’.

Notes: [1]: The diction of the line evokes a natural image of the sun setting over mountains (Hkr 1893-1901, IV) while also providing continuity from fjǫllum Fýrisvalla ‘mountains of Fýrisvellir’ in Lv 8/3. — [1, 2] fallsól vallar bráa Fullu ‘the setting sun of the plain of the brows of Fulla <goddess> [FOREHEAD > GOLD]’: The little-known goddess Fulla is described in Gylf (SnE 2005, 29, 47) as a maidservant of Frigg who, as an unmarried woman, wears her hair free of a headdress but with a golden band, and this motif supplies the basis for a gold-kenning pattern (on Fulla, see also Note to Þul Ásynja 1/4^III). The variant Fyllar (gen. sg.) appears to be a strong-declension by-form of Fulla with nom. *Fyllr (ÍF 26; ÍF 29). The specific mention of the setting sun (cf. sólarfall ‘sunset’, Konráð Gíslason 1892, 70) may relate to the redness of some gold: cf. rautt goll ‘red gold’ (LP: rauðr); ÍF 26 gives a more naturalistic explanation. — [3] kjóls Ullar ‘of the ship of Ullr <god> [SHIELD]’: This kenning type is familiar, but no explanation for it occurs in SnE; see also ÞjóðA Frag 3/2^II and Note. — [3, 4] of allan aldr Hôkonar ‘throughout Hákon’s whole lifetime’: Cf. the closely similar phrasing in Lv 8/1, 4.  — [5] alfrǫðull ‘the sun’: Lit. ‘elf-beam’, used both as a common noun and as a proper name for the sun (LP: álfrǫðull). — [7-8] rôð rammrar þjóðar eru rík ‘the resolutions of the mighty people are powerful’: The identity of the þjóð ‘people’ and the nature of their rôð ‘resolutions’ is uncertain; Bjarni Einarsson (ÍF 29) glosses the clause því veldur ráðríki höfðingja (?) ‘that is caused by the imperiousness of the leaders (?)’. It is normally taken to refer to King Haraldr gráfeldr and his brothers (Hkr 1893-1901, IV), but an alternative identification, with a more standard interpretation of the word þjóð, would be with the people of the Trøndelag at large, whose resentment of the harsh rule of the Gunnhildarsynir (Eiríkssynir) contributed to Haraldr gráfeldr’s eventual destruction (Andersen 1977, 96-7; cf. Hkr 1991; ÍF 26 offers both identifications). Eyvindr stigmatises Haraldr as a folkstríðir ‘afflicter of the people’ in Lv 8/5 and may here be encouraging resistance.

References

1. Bibliography
2. Fms = Sveinbjörn Egilsson et al., eds. 1825-37. Fornmanna sögur eptir gömlum handritum útgefnar að tilhlutun hins norræna fornfræða fèlags. 12 vols. Copenhagen: Popp.
3. SnE 1848-87 = Snorri Sturluson. 1848-87. Edda Snorra Sturlusonar: Edda Snorronis Sturlaei. Ed. Jón Sigurðsson et al. 3 vols. Copenhagen: Legatum Arnamagnaeanum. Rpt. Osnabrück: Zeller, 1966.
4. Skald = Kock, Ernst Albin, ed. 1946-50. Den norsk-isländska skaldediktningen. 2 vols. Lund: Gleerup.
5. LP = Finnur Jónsson, ed. 1931. Lexicon poeticum antiquæ linguæ septentrionalis: Ordbog over det norsk-islandske skjaldesprog oprindelig forfattet af Sveinbjörn Egilsson. 2nd edn. Copenhagen: Møller.
6. ÍF 26-8 = Heimskringla. Ed. Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson. 1941-51.
7. Hkr 1893-1901 = Finnur Jónsson, ed. 1893-1901. Heimskringla: Nóregs konunga sǫgur af Snorri Sturluson. 4 vols. SUGNL 23. Copenhagen: Møller.
8. Hkr 1991 = Bergljót S. Kristjánsdóttir et al., eds. 1991. Heimskringla. 3 vols. Reykjavík: Mál og menning.
9. F 1871 = Unger, C. R., ed. 1871. Fríssbók: Codex Frisianus. En samling af norske konge-sagaer. Christiania (Oslo): Malling.
10. Fsk 1902-3 = Finnur Jónsson, ed. 1902-3. Fagrskinna: Nóregs kononga tal. SUGNL 30. Copenhagen: Møller.
11. SnE 1931 = Snorri Sturluson. 1931. Edda Snorra Sturlusonar. Ed. Finnur Jónsson. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.
12. SnE 1998 = Snorri Sturluson. 1998. Edda: Skáldskaparmál. Ed. Anthony Faulkes. 2 vols. University College London: Viking Society for Northern Research.
13. Andersen, Per Sveaas. 1977. Samlingen av Norge og kristningen av landet 800-1130. Handbok i Norges historie 2. Bergen: Universitetsforlaget.
14. ÍF 29 = Ágrip af Nóregskonunga sǫgum; Fagrskinna—Nóregs konungatal. Ed. Bjarni Einarsson. 1985.
15. ÓT 1958-2000 = Ólafur Halldórsson, ed. 1958-2000. Saga Óláfs Tryggvasonar en mesta. 3 vols. EA A 1-3. Copenhagen: Munksgaard (Reitzel).
16. SnE 2005 = Snorri Sturluson. 2005. Edda: Prologue and Gylfaginning. Ed. Anthony Faulkes. 2nd edn. University College London: Viking Society for Northern Research.
17. Konráð Gíslason, ed. 1892a. Udvalg af oldnordiske skjaldekvad, med anmærkninger. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.
18. Krause, Arnulf, ed. 1990. Die Dichtung des Eyvindr skáldaspillir: Edition-Kommentar-Untersuchungen. Altnordische Bibliothek 10. Leverkusen: Literaturverlag Norden Mark Reinhardt.
19. Internal references
20. Edith Marold 2017, ‘Snorra Edda (Prologue, Gylfaginning, Skáldskaparmál)’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols [check printed volume for citation].
21. (forthcoming), ‘ Snorri Sturluson, Gylfaginning’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=113> (accessed 23 April 2024)
22. (forthcoming), ‘ Heimskringla, Haralds saga gráfeldar’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=138> (accessed 23 April 2024)
23. Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Ásynja heiti 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 763.
24. Diana Whaley (ed.) 2009, ‘Þjóðólfr Arnórsson, Fragments 3’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 161-2.