Eyv Hák 7I
R. D. Fulk (ed.) 2012, ‘Eyvindr skáldaspillir Finnsson, Hákonarmál 7’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 182.
Brunnu ‘burned’
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2. brenna (verb; °brennr/brenn; brann, brunnu; brunninn): (strong, intransitive)
benj ‘Wound’
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1. ben (noun f.; °-jar, dat. -; -jar , gen. -a(var. EiðKrC 402¹³: AM 77 4° D)): wound < beneldr (noun m.): [Wound-fires]
[1] benjeldar: beneldar Kˣ, F, J2ˣ, FskBˣ, FskAˣ, 761bˣ, beneld J1ˣ
kennings
Benjeldar‘Wound-fires ’
= SWORDS
Wound-fires → SWORDS
notes
[1] benjeldar ‘wound-fires [SWORDS]’: Though it is missing in the mss, the glide [j] had not yet been lost at the time of composition, as shown by the metre (Kuhn 1983, 48). On the kenning in its poetic context, see Note to l. 6 below.
beneld ‘’
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beneldr (noun m.): [Wound-fires]
beneldar ‘’
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beneldr (noun m.): [Wound-fires]
eldar ‘fires’
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eldr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i/-(HómÍsl¹(1993) 24v²⁴); -ar): fire < beneldr (noun m.): [Wound-fires]
[1] benjeldar: beneldar Kˣ, F, J2ˣ, FskBˣ, FskAˣ, 761bˣ, beneld J1ˣ
kennings
Benjeldar‘Wound-fires ’
= SWORDS
Wound-fires → SWORDS
notes
[1] benjeldar ‘wound-fires [SWORDS]’: Though it is missing in the mss, the glide [j] had not yet been lost at the time of composition, as shown by the metre (Kuhn 1983, 48). On the kenning in its poetic context, see Note to l. 6 below.
blóðum ‘’
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blóð (noun n.; °-s): blood
í ‘in’
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í (prep.): in, into
blóðgum ‘bloody’
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blóðigr (adj.; °blóðgan/blóðugan (f. dat. sg. bloðre Gulᴵ 82³⁴)): bloody
[2] blóðgum: blóðum FskBˣ
bitu ‘’
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bíta (verb; °bítr; beit, bitu; bitinn): bite
undum ‘wounds’
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1. und (noun f.; °; -ir): wound
langbarðar ‘swords’
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langbarðr (noun m.; °; -ar)
notes
[3] langbarðar ‘swords’: A sword-heiti (cf. Þul Sverða 2/3III), lit. ‘long-beards’ or conceivably ‘long-prows’. Since Langbarðar can refer to the Lombards or Langobards (LP: langbarðr 5), the word is interpreted by some (e.g. ÍF 29; Hkr 1991) to have referred to weapons of Lombardic origin. Others (e.g. Herbert 1804, 110; Munch and Unger 1847, 185; Hallberg 1975, 119) have taken it to refer to axes (cf. barða ‘axe’ in Þul Øxar 1/8III), and Geijer (1816, 54) to shields.
at ‘on’
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3. at (prep.): at, to
lýða ‘men’s’
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lýðr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -; -ir): one of the people
svar ‘’
fjǫrvi ‘lives’
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fjǫr (noun n.): life
Svarr ‘roar’
[5] Svarr‑: svar FskBˣ
sjór ‘’
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sjór (noun m.): seasjór (noun m.): sea < sjórgymir (noun m.): sea-sea
aði ‘ed’
gymis ‘’
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gymir (noun m.): [sea] < sjórgymir (noun m.): sea-sea
gymnir ‘’
sár ‘The wound’
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2. sár (noun n.; °-s; -): wound < sárgymir (noun m.)
[5] sár‑: sjór FskBˣ, FskAˣ
kennings
Sárgymir‘The wound-sea ’
= BLOOD
The wound-sea → BLOOD
gymir ‘sea’
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gymir (noun m.): [sea] < sárgymir (noun m.)
[5] ‑gymir: ‘gymner’ FskBˣ, gymis FskAˣ
kennings
Sárgymir‘The wound-sea ’
= BLOOD
The wound-sea → BLOOD
á ‘on’
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3. á (prep.): on, at
sverða ‘of swords’
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sverð (noun n.; °-s; -): sword
kennings
nesi sverða;‘the headland of swords; ’
= SHIELD
the headland of swords; → SHIELD
notes
[6] nesi sverða ‘the headland of swords [SHIELD]’: This is taken here as belonging to the shield-kennings with a type of land as base-word (Meissner 169, though this example is not listed). Holm-Olsen (1953, 155) suggests that the reference may be to swords’ points rather than to shields. Whatever the referent of this kenning, the base-words of the kennings in ll. 5-6, together with the verb svarraði ‘roared’, form an image of waves breaking against a headland, just as the verb brunnu in l. 1 exploits the literal sense of eldar ‘fires’, base-word of the sword-kenning.
nesi ‘the headland’
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nes (noun n.; °-s; -, gen. -ja): headland
kennings
nesi sverða;‘the headland of swords; ’
= SHIELD
the headland of swords; → SHIELD
notes
[6] nesi sverða ‘the headland of swords [SHIELD]’: This is taken here as belonging to the shield-kennings with a type of land as base-word (Meissner 169, though this example is not listed). Holm-Olsen (1953, 155) suggests that the reference may be to swords’ points rather than to shields. Whatever the referent of this kenning, the base-words of the kennings in ll. 5-6, together with the verb svarraði ‘roared’, form an image of waves breaking against a headland, just as the verb brunnu in l. 1 exploits the literal sense of eldar ‘fires’, base-word of the sword-kenning.
fell ‘fell’
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falla (verb): fall
flóð ‘the flood’
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2. flóð (noun n.): flood
kennings
flóð fleina‘the flood of barbs ’
= BLOOD
the flood of barbs → BLOOD
notes
[7] flóð fleina ‘the flood of barbs [BLOOD]’: (a) Reichardt (1930, 51-2) cites convincing parallels to the meaning ‘blood’ (and so, e.g., Geijer 1816, 54, Skj B, Paasche 1916, 13, and Meissner 204). (b) The phrase could be regarded not as a kenning but as a description of a more literal ‘shower of arrows/spears’ (so, e.g., Olsen 1916a, 3-4, Sahlgren 1927-8, I, 75-7, 116, Ulset 1975, 49 and Hkr 1991). Lie (1957, 85) argues that although flóð fleina is a genuine blood-kenning, it is a ‘combined metaphor’ (kombinert metafor) which also refers to the missiles themselves.
fleina ‘of barbs’
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fleinn (noun m.; °dat. fleini): spear
kennings
flóð fleina‘the flood of barbs ’
= BLOOD
the flood of barbs → BLOOD
notes
[7] flóð fleina ‘the flood of barbs [BLOOD]’: (a) Reichardt (1930, 51-2) cites convincing parallels to the meaning ‘blood’ (and so, e.g., Geijer 1816, 54, Skj B, Paasche 1916, 13, and Meissner 204). (b) The phrase could be regarded not as a kenning but as a description of a more literal ‘shower of arrows/spears’ (so, e.g., Olsen 1916a, 3-4, Sahlgren 1927-8, I, 75-7, 116, Ulset 1975, 49 and Hkr 1991). Lie (1957, 85) argues that although flóð fleina is a genuine blood-kenning, it is a ‘combined metaphor’ (kombinert metafor) which also refers to the missiles themselves.
í ‘on’
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í (prep.): in, into
fjǫru ‘the shore’
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1. fjara (noun f.): shore, foreshore
Storðar ‘of Stord’
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3. Storð (noun f.): [Stord]
notes
[8] Storðar ‘of Stord’: An island in Sunnhordland, south of Bergen, at the mouth of Hardangerfjorden. The battle took place at Fitjar on the island c. 961.
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