Eskál Vell 32^I

Hvar ‘Where’

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hvar (adv.): where

vituð ‘’

vit ‘’

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1. vita (verb): know

veit ‘’

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1. vita (verb): know

viti ‘know’

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1. vita (verb): know

[1] viti: vit 39, veit F, ‘vit(ut)’(?) Bb

ǫllduð ‘’

ǫld ‘people’

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ǫld (noun f.; °; aldir): people, age

[1] ǫld und: ‘olld(ot)’(?) Bb

und ‘under’

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3. und (prep.): under, underneath

[1] ǫld und: ‘olld(ot)’(?) Bb

eldi ‘’

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eldr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i/-(HómÍsl¹‰(1993) 24v²⁴); -ar): fire

ǫðrum ‘’

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1. annarr (pron.; °f. ǫnnur, n. annat; pl. aðrir): (an)other, second

einum ‘one’

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2. einn (pron.; °decl. cf. einn num.): one, alone

[1] einum: ǫðrum 61, eldi 54, Bb

kennings

jarl ‘’

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jarl (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): poet, earl < jarlbyggvir (noun m.)

jarð ‘land’

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jǫrð (noun f.; °jarðar, dat. -u; jarðir/jarðar(DN I (1367) 304Š)): ground, earth < jarðbyggvir (noun m.)jǫrð (noun f.; °jarðar, dat. -u; jarðir/jarðar(DN I (1367) 304Š)): ground, earth < jarðbyggvir (noun m.)

[2] jarð‑: jarl‑ Bb

kennings

notes

[2] jarðbyggvi ‘land-owner [RULER]’: According to Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; LP: jarðbyggvir) Hákon jarl is referred to here as a free farmer (odelsbonde), since he is only a jarl, not a king. Olsen (1962a, 50) suggests the sense ‘landlord’ (based on byggja ‘to loan, let’; see Fritzner: byggja 2). However, in the context of praise of the scope of Hákon’s rule, it is better to understand jarðbyggvir as a kenning of the type jarðhljótr ‘landowner’ (KormǪ Sigdr 3/2^III) or jarðráðandi ‘land-ruler’ (Eyv Hál 11/7, Anon Mlag 3/4^II). ÍF 26 adopts the gen. sg. jarðbyggvis given by all except the main ms. Kˣ, and combines it with herr ‘host’ from the intercalary clause. This results in unnecessarily complicated syntax.

byggvis ‘’

byggvis ‘’

byggvi ‘owner’

(not checked:)
byggvir (noun m.): dweller < jarðbyggvir (noun m.)

[2] ‑byggvi: ‑byggvis 39, F, J1ˣ, 61, ‘‑byggis’ 54, Bb, ‘‑ygg(uis)’(?) Flat

kennings

notes

[2] jarðbyggvi ‘land-owner [RULER]’: According to Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; LP: jarðbyggvir) Hákon jarl is referred to here as a free farmer (odelsbonde), since he is only a jarl, not a king. Olsen (1962a, 50) suggests the sense ‘landlord’ (based on byggja ‘to loan, let’; see Fritzner: byggja 2). However, in the context of praise of the scope of Hákon’s rule, it is better to understand jarðbyggvir as a kenning of the type jarðhljótr ‘landowner’ (KormǪ Sigdr 3/2^III) or jarðráðandi ‘land-ruler’ (Eyv Hál 11/7, Anon Mlag 3/4^II). ÍF 26 adopts the gen. sg. jarðbyggvis given by all except the main ms. Kˣ, and combines it with herr ‘host’ from the intercalary clause. This results in unnecessarily complicated syntax.

svá ‘in such a way’

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svá (adv.): so, thus

liggja ‘lying’

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liggja (verb): lie

þar ‘’

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þar (adv.): there

þat ‘that’

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1. sá (pron.; °gen. þess, dat. þeim, acc. þann; f. sú, gen. þeirrar, acc. þá; n. þat, dat. því; pl. m. þeir, f. þǽ---): that (one), those

[3] þat: þar Flat

skuli ‘’

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skulu (verb): shall, should, must

skyli ‘ought to’

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skulu (verb): shall, should, must

[3] skyli: ‘(s)kyli’(?) 39, skuli Bb, Flat

hver ‘’

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2. hverr (pron.): who, whom, each, every

herr ‘The army’

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herr (noun m.; °-s/-jar, dat. -; -jar, gen. -ja/herra): army, host

[3] herr: hver Bb

of ‘’

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4. of (particle): (before verb)

hugsa ‘consider’

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hugsa (verb): consider

notes

[3] hugsa ‘consider’: Jón Þorkelsson (1884, 57) believes the verb hugsa and the verbal noun hugsan not to have been in use before 1200-60, and suggests (ibid., 59) that the verb heyra ‘to hear’ would be fitting instead, as this would result in a skothending. Finnur Jónsson (1891a, 321-2) correctly rejects this.

harli ‘’

hjarli ‘’

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hjarl (noun n.): land

hjall ‘’

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1. hjallr (noun m.; °-s dat. -i; -ar): °stillads, ophøjet stade, forhøjning; (spec. om sejdstade); pinakel, murtinde (≠ lat. pinna); stillads til tørring af fisk

ok ‘’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

hjarl ‘of the territory’

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hjarl (noun n.): land

[4] hjarl: so F, J1ˣ, hjarl ok Kˣ, J2ˣ, ‘hjall’ 39, hjarli 61, 54, Bb, ‘harli’ Flat

notes

[4] hjarl sextían jarla ‘of the territory of sixteen jarls’: It is uncertain whether the territory of a jarl corresponds to a fylki (see Note to st. 13/1). Snorri seems to have understood it this way (see Context). Historians’ opinions on the issue vary, not least because Hákon jarl is reported to have ruled seventeen fylki (eleven in Þrœndalǫg, six in Gulaþingslǫg); on this see Koht (1921b, 97-8 n. 2; Indrebø 1931, 44; Olsen 1962a, 50).

sextían ‘of sixteen’

(not checked:)
sextán (num. cardinal): sixteen

notes

[4] hjarl sextían jarla ‘of the territory of sixteen jarls’: It is uncertain whether the territory of a jarl corresponds to a fylki (see Note to st. 13/1). Snorri seems to have understood it this way (see Context). Historians’ opinions on the issue vary, not least because Hákon jarl is reported to have ruled seventeen fylki (eleven in Þrœndalǫg, six in Gulaþingslǫg); on this see Koht (1921b, 97-8 n. 2; Indrebø 1931, 44; Olsen 1962a, 50).

jarlar ‘’

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jarl (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): poet, earl

jarla ‘jarls’

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jarl (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): poet, earl

[4] jarla: jarlar 61

notes

[4] hjarl sextían jarla ‘of the territory of sixteen jarls’: It is uncertain whether the territory of a jarl corresponds to a fylki (see Note to st. 13/1). Snorri seems to have understood it this way (see Context). Historians’ opinions on the issue vary, not least because Hákon jarl is reported to have ruled seventeen fylki (eleven in Þrœndalǫg, six in Gulaþingslǫg); on this see Koht (1921b, 97-8 n. 2; Indrebø 1931, 44; Olsen 1962a, 50).

Þess ‘of that’

(not checked:)
1. sá (pron.; °gen. þess, dat. þeim, acc. þann; f. sú, gen. þeirrar, acc. þá; n. þat, dat. því; pl. m. þeir, f. þǽ---): that (one), those

kennings

notes

[5] þess ‘of that’: This is regarded here as a demonstrative pron. and combined with logskundaðr (so also Skj B; ÍF 26). Kock (NN §1887B) instead interprets it as an adverbial use of the gen. of the demonstrative sá, meaning ‘therefore’; see also LP: sá 3.

ríðr ‘spreads’

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1. ríða (verb): ride

fúrs ‘of the fire’

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fúrr (noun m.): fire

kennings

notes

[5, 6] folkleikr fúrs reikar Heðins ‘army-game [BATTLE] of the fire of the hair-parting of Heðinn <legendary hero> [SWORD]’: (a) This edn follows Kock (NN §1887A), ÍF 26 and Hkr 1991 in regarding this problematic phrase as an elaboration of the expression ‘sword-battle’, of which Kock (NN §1887) adduces some examples. ‘Battle’ is replaced by folkleikr ‘army-game’ while ‘sword’ is rendered by the phrase fúrs reikar Heðins ‘of the fire of the hair-parting of Heðinn’ and interpreted as ‘that which flames against the head of Heðinn’. Reik f. ‘parting of the hair, hair-parting’ functions as a pars pro toto expression for ‘head’. ‘Fire’ is one of the commonest base-words in sword-kennings, but it is not usually determined by the object that the sword injures (cf. Meissner 157-64). (b) A totally different interpretation which contains a more standard kenning is proposed by Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Finnur Jónsson 1891a, 170-81; Skj B): reikar Heðins faldfúrsleikr ‘the game of the fire of the headgear of the head of Heðinn <legendary hero> [(lit. ‘headgear-fire-game of the head of Heðinn) HELMET > SWORD > BATTLE]’. This is problematic since it both includes an emendation of folk (all mss) to fald ‘headgear’ and configures the determinants in an unusual way, by inserting a freestanding noun from l. 5 (fúrs) between the two elements of a cpd l. 6 (faldleikr) to form fald-fúrs-leikr. There is a structurally similar kenning in Eil Þdr 12/8^III Heðins reikar skálleik ‘the game of the bowl of the hair-parting of Heðinn [(lit. ‘bowl-game of the hair-parting of Heðinn’) HELMET > BATTLE]’, yet this does not match the extreme complexity assumed by Finnur Jónsson.

með ‘along’

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með (prep.): with

fjórum ‘the four’

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fjórir (num. cardinal): four

folk ‘army’

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folk (noun n.): people < faldleikr (noun m.)

kennings

notes

[5, 6] folkleikr fúrs reikar Heðins ‘army-game [BATTLE] of the fire of the hair-parting of Heðinn <legendary hero> [SWORD]’: (a) This edn follows Kock (NN §1887A), ÍF 26 and Hkr 1991 in regarding this problematic phrase as an elaboration of the expression ‘sword-battle’, of which Kock (NN §1887) adduces some examples. ‘Battle’ is replaced by folkleikr ‘army-game’ while ‘sword’ is rendered by the phrase fúrs reikar Heðins ‘of the fire of the hair-parting of Heðinn’ and interpreted as ‘that which flames against the head of Heðinn’. Reik f. ‘parting of the hair, hair-parting’ functions as a pars pro toto expression for ‘head’. ‘Fire’ is one of the commonest base-words in sword-kennings, but it is not usually determined by the object that the sword injures (cf. Meissner 157-64). (b) A totally different interpretation which contains a more standard kenning is proposed by Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Finnur Jónsson 1891a, 170-81; Skj B): reikar Heðins faldfúrsleikr ‘the game of the fire of the headgear of the head of Heðinn <legendary hero> [(lit. ‘headgear-fire-game of the head of Heðinn) HELMET > SWORD > BATTLE]’. This is problematic since it both includes an emendation of folk (all mss) to fald ‘headgear’ and configures the determinants in an unusual way, by inserting a freestanding noun from l. 5 (fúrs) between the two elements of a cpd l. 6 (faldleikr) to form fald-fúrs-leikr. There is a structurally similar kenning in Eil Þdr 12/8^III Heðins reikar skálleik ‘the game of the bowl of the hair-parting of Heðinn [(lit. ‘bowl-game of the hair-parting of Heðinn’) HELMET > BATTLE]’, yet this does not match the extreme complexity assumed by Finnur Jónsson.

leikr ‘game’

(not checked:)
1. leikr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -/-i; -ar): sport, play < faldleikr (noun m.)

kennings

notes

[5, 6] folkleikr fúrs reikar Heðins ‘army-game [BATTLE] of the fire of the hair-parting of Heðinn <legendary hero> [SWORD]’: (a) This edn follows Kock (NN §1887A), ÍF 26 and Hkr 1991 in regarding this problematic phrase as an elaboration of the expression ‘sword-battle’, of which Kock (NN §1887) adduces some examples. ‘Battle’ is replaced by folkleikr ‘army-game’ while ‘sword’ is rendered by the phrase fúrs reikar Heðins ‘of the fire of the hair-parting of Heðinn’ and interpreted as ‘that which flames against the head of Heðinn’. Reik f. ‘parting of the hair, hair-parting’ functions as a pars pro toto expression for ‘head’. ‘Fire’ is one of the commonest base-words in sword-kennings, but it is not usually determined by the object that the sword injures (cf. Meissner 157-64). (b) A totally different interpretation which contains a more standard kenning is proposed by Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Finnur Jónsson 1891a, 170-81; Skj B): reikar Heðins faldfúrsleikr ‘the game of the fire of the headgear of the head of Heðinn <legendary hero> [(lit. ‘headgear-fire-game of the head of Heðinn) HELMET > SWORD > BATTLE]’. This is problematic since it both includes an emendation of folk (all mss) to fald ‘headgear’ and configures the determinants in an unusual way, by inserting a freestanding noun from l. 5 (fúrs) between the two elements of a cpd l. 6 (faldleikr) to form fald-fúrs-leikr. There is a structurally similar kenning in Eil Þdr 12/8^III Heðins reikar skálleik ‘the game of the bowl of the hair-parting of Heðinn [(lit. ‘bowl-game of the hair-parting of Heðinn’) HELMET > BATTLE]’, yet this does not match the extreme complexity assumed by Finnur Jónsson.

Heðins ‘of Heðinn’

(not checked:)
2. Heðinn (noun m.): [Heðinn, champions]

kennings

notes

[5, 6] folkleikr fúrs reikar Heðins ‘army-game [BATTLE] of the fire of the hair-parting of Heðinn <legendary hero> [SWORD]’: (a) This edn follows Kock (NN §1887A), ÍF 26 and Hkr 1991 in regarding this problematic phrase as an elaboration of the expression ‘sword-battle’, of which Kock (NN §1887) adduces some examples. ‘Battle’ is replaced by folkleikr ‘army-game’ while ‘sword’ is rendered by the phrase fúrs reikar Heðins ‘of the fire of the hair-parting of Heðinn’ and interpreted as ‘that which flames against the head of Heðinn’. Reik f. ‘parting of the hair, hair-parting’ functions as a pars pro toto expression for ‘head’. ‘Fire’ is one of the commonest base-words in sword-kennings, but it is not usually determined by the object that the sword injures (cf. Meissner 157-64). (b) A totally different interpretation which contains a more standard kenning is proposed by Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Finnur Jónsson 1891a, 170-81; Skj B): reikar Heðins faldfúrsleikr ‘the game of the fire of the headgear of the head of Heðinn <legendary hero> [(lit. ‘headgear-fire-game of the head of Heðinn) HELMET > SWORD > BATTLE]’. This is problematic since it both includes an emendation of folk (all mss) to fald ‘headgear’ and configures the determinants in an unusual way, by inserting a freestanding noun from l. 5 (fúrs) between the two elements of a cpd l. 6 (faldleikr) to form fald-fúrs-leikr. There is a structurally similar kenning in Eil Þdr 12/8^III Heðins reikar skálleik ‘the game of the bowl of the hair-parting of Heðinn [(lit. ‘bowl-game of the hair-parting of Heðinn’) HELMET > BATTLE]’, yet this does not match the extreme complexity assumed by Finnur Jónsson.

reikar ‘of the hair-parting’

(not checked:)
1. reik (noun f.; °-ar; -r): hair-parting

kennings

notes

[5, 6] folkleikr fúrs reikar Heðins ‘army-game [BATTLE] of the fire of the hair-parting of Heðinn <legendary hero> [SWORD]’: (a) This edn follows Kock (NN §1887A), ÍF 26 and Hkr 1991 in regarding this problematic phrase as an elaboration of the expression ‘sword-battle’, of which Kock (NN §1887) adduces some examples. ‘Battle’ is replaced by folkleikr ‘army-game’ while ‘sword’ is rendered by the phrase fúrs reikar Heðins ‘of the fire of the hair-parting of Heðinn’ and interpreted as ‘that which flames against the head of Heðinn’. Reik f. ‘parting of the hair, hair-parting’ functions as a pars pro toto expression for ‘head’. ‘Fire’ is one of the commonest base-words in sword-kennings, but it is not usually determined by the object that the sword injures (cf. Meissner 157-64). (b) A totally different interpretation which contains a more standard kenning is proposed by Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Finnur Jónsson 1891a, 170-81; Skj B): reikar Heðins faldfúrsleikr ‘the game of the fire of the headgear of the head of Heðinn <legendary hero> [(lit. ‘headgear-fire-game of the head of Heðinn) HELMET > SWORD > BATTLE]’. This is problematic since it both includes an emendation of folk (all mss) to fald ‘headgear’ and configures the determinants in an unusual way, by inserting a freestanding noun from l. 5 (fúrs) between the two elements of a cpd l. 6 (faldleikr) to form fald-fúrs-leikr. There is a structurally similar kenning in Eil Þdr 12/8^III Heðins reikar skálleik ‘the game of the bowl of the hair-parting of Heðinn [(lit. ‘bowl-game of the hair-parting of Heðinn’) HELMET > BATTLE]’, yet this does not match the extreme complexity assumed by Finnur Jónsson.

lungs ‘’

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lungr (noun m.): ship, longship

lugs ‘’

log ‘of the fire’

(not checked:)
log (noun n.; °; -): flame < logskundaðr (noun m.)

[7] logskundaðar: ‘lugscunnaðar’ 39, ‘lungs vnnadar’ F

kennings

notes

[7] lindar logskundaðar ‘of the impeller of the fire of the spring [(lit. ‘fire-impeller of the spring’) GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’: The kenning can be interpreted one of three ways depending on whether lind means ‘spring’, ‘shield’ or ‘ship’: (a) ‘impeller of the fire of the spring [GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’; (b) ‘impeller of the fire of the shield [SWORD > WARRIOR]’; (c) reading lindar lǫgskundaðar, ‘impeller of the lime-tree of the water [SHIP > SEA-WARRIOR]’. The stanza’s context is the only decisive factor: (a) appears the best solution, and is chosen in this edn, as in Hkr 1893-1901, IV and Skj B, because Hákon jarl is being praised as a powerful ruler.

log ‘of the fire’

(not checked:)
log (noun n.; °; -): flame < logskundaðr (noun m.)

[7] logskundaðar: ‘lugscunnaðar’ 39, ‘lungs vnnadar’ F

kennings

notes

[7] lindar logskundaðar ‘of the impeller of the fire of the spring [(lit. ‘fire-impeller of the spring’) GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’: The kenning can be interpreted one of three ways depending on whether lind means ‘spring’, ‘shield’ or ‘ship’: (a) ‘impeller of the fire of the spring [GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’; (b) ‘impeller of the fire of the shield [SWORD > WARRIOR]’; (c) reading lindar lǫgskundaðar, ‘impeller of the lime-tree of the water [SHIP > SEA-WARRIOR]’. The stanza’s context is the only decisive factor: (a) appears the best solution, and is chosen in this edn, as in Hkr 1893-1901, IV and Skj B, because Hákon jarl is being praised as a powerful ruler.

unnaðar ‘’

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1. unna (verb): love

kunnaðar ‘’

skundaðar ‘impeller’

(not checked:)
skundaðr (noun m.): hastener < logskundaðr (noun m.)

[7] logskundaðar: ‘lugscunnaðar’ 39, ‘lungs vnnadar’ F

kennings

notes

[7] lindar logskundaðar ‘of the impeller of the fire of the spring [(lit. ‘fire-impeller of the spring’) GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’: The kenning can be interpreted one of three ways depending on whether lind means ‘spring’, ‘shield’ or ‘ship’: (a) ‘impeller of the fire of the spring [GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’; (b) ‘impeller of the fire of the shield [SWORD > WARRIOR]’; (c) reading lindar lǫgskundaðar, ‘impeller of the lime-tree of the water [SHIP > SEA-WARRIOR]’. The stanza’s context is the only decisive factor: (a) appears the best solution, and is chosen in this edn, as in Hkr 1893-1901, IV and Skj B, because Hákon jarl is being praised as a powerful ruler.

linna ‘’

(not checked:)
linni (noun m.): serpent

lindar ‘of the spring’

(not checked:)
2. lind (noun f.)

[7] lindar: linna F

kennings

notes

[7] lindar logskundaðar ‘of the impeller of the fire of the spring [(lit. ‘fire-impeller of the spring’) GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’: The kenning can be interpreted one of three ways depending on whether lind means ‘spring’, ‘shield’ or ‘ship’: (a) ‘impeller of the fire of the spring [GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’; (b) ‘impeller of the fire of the shield [SWORD > WARRIOR]’; (c) reading lindar lǫgskundaðar, ‘impeller of the lime-tree of the water [SHIP > SEA-WARRIOR]’. The stanza’s context is the only decisive factor: (a) appears the best solution, and is chosen in this edn, as in Hkr 1893-1901, IV and Skj B, because Hákon jarl is being praised as a powerful ruler.

lindar ‘of the spring’

(not checked:)
2. lind (noun f.)

[7] lindar: linna F

kennings

notes

[7] lindar logskundaðar ‘of the impeller of the fire of the spring [(lit. ‘fire-impeller of the spring’) GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’: The kenning can be interpreted one of three ways depending on whether lind means ‘spring’, ‘shield’ or ‘ship’: (a) ‘impeller of the fire of the spring [GOLD > GENEROUS MAN]’; (b) ‘impeller of the fire of the shield [SWORD > WARRIOR]’; (c) reading lindar lǫgskundaðar, ‘impeller of the lime-tree of the water [SHIP > SEA-WARRIOR]’. The stanza’s context is the only decisive factor: (a) appears the best solution, and is chosen in this edn, as in Hkr 1893-1901, IV and Skj B, because Hákon jarl is being praised as a powerful ruler.

lofkenndr ‘ {The renowned’

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lofkenndr (adj./verb p.p.): [praise-renowned]

kennings

himins ‘of the sky’

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himinn (noun m.; °himins, dat. himni; himnar): heaven, sky

endum ‘ends’

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endi (noun m.): end