Eskál Vell 11I
Edith Marold (ed.) 2012, ‘Einarr skálaglamm Helgason, Vellekla 11’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 297.
Hjalm ‘with helmet’
kennings
hjalmgrápi;‘with helmet-hail; ’
= BATTLE
with helmet-hail; → BATTLE
faldinn ‘’
(not checked:)
2. falda (verb): cover, clothe < hjalmfaldinn (adj./verb p.p.): helmet-clad
greip ‘’
(not checked:)
greip (noun f.; °; -r, -ar): hand, talon < Hjalmgreip (noun f.)
er ‘’
(not checked:)
2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am
gráp ‘’
(not checked:)
gráp (noun n.): hail < hjalmgráp (noun n.)
grápi ‘hail’
(not checked:)
gráp (noun n.): hail < hjalmgráp (noun n.)
[1] ‑grápi: ‑faldinn 61, ‑greip er 53, ‑gráp er 54, Bb
kennings
hjalmgrápi;‘with helmet-hail; ’
= BATTLE
with helmet-hail; → BATTLE
vann ‘had’
(not checked:)
2. vinna (verb): perform, work
hilmir ‘ruler’
(not checked:)
hilmir (noun m.): prince, protector
harð ‘’
(not checked:)
harðr (adj.; °comp. -ari; superl. -astr): hard, harsh
harðr ‘The hardy’
(not checked:)
harðr (adj.; °comp. -ari; superl. -astr): hard, harsh
[2] harðr: so F, 325VIII 1, harð Kˣ, J1ˣ, 61, 53, 54, Bb
lofs ‘’
(not checked:)
lof (noun n.; °-s; -): praise, leave, permission
lopt ‘’
(not checked:)
Loftr (noun m.): [Loptr, loft]
Lopts ‘of Loptr’
(not checked:)
Loftr (noun m.): [Loptr, loft]
[2] Lopts: so J1ˣ, 325VIII 1, 61, 54, Bb, lopt Kˣ, F, lofs 53
kennings
Vínu vínheims vinar Lopts.‘the Vína of the wine-world of the friend of Loptr. ’
= POEM
the friend of Loptr. → Óðinn
the wine-world of ÓÐINN → VAT
the Vína of the VAT → POEM
notes
[2, 3, 4] Vínu vínheims vinar Lopts ‘the Vína <river> of the wine-world of the friend of Loptr <= Loki> [= Óðinn > VAT > POEM]’: Vína is the Northern Dvina river, here standing for ‘river’ in general (LP: 1. Vína; Note to Þul Á 3/1III). Jón Þorkelsson (1884, 46) resolves the kenning convincingly and is followed by most later eds. This edn, with most others, interprets vínheimr ‘wine-world’ as referring to the vat in which the mead of poetry is stored (LP: vínheimr). Kock’s interpretation (NN §2513) as a hall in which wine is drunk is doubtful, because the kenning would not then mean ‘poem’ (cf. Kreutzer 1977, 108).
Lopts ‘of Loptr’
(not checked:)
Loftr (noun m.): [Loptr, loft]
[2] Lopts: so J1ˣ, 325VIII 1, 61, 54, Bb, lopt Kˣ, F, lofs 53
kennings
Vínu vínheims vinar Lopts.‘the Vína of the wine-world of the friend of Loptr. ’
= POEM
the friend of Loptr. → Óðinn
the wine-world of ÓÐINN → VAT
the Vína of the VAT → POEM
notes
[2, 3, 4] Vínu vínheims vinar Lopts ‘the Vína <river> of the wine-world of the friend of Loptr <= Loki> [= Óðinn > VAT > POEM]’: Vína is the Northern Dvina river, here standing for ‘river’ in general (LP: 1. Vína; Note to Þul Á 3/1III). Jón Þorkelsson (1884, 46) resolves the kenning convincingly and is followed by most later eds. This edn, with most others, interprets vínheimr ‘wine-world’ as referring to the vat in which the mead of poetry is stored (LP: vínheimr). Kock’s interpretation (NN §2513) as a hall in which wine is drunk is doubtful, because the kenning would not then mean ‘poem’ (cf. Kreutzer 1977, 108).
Lopts ‘of Loptr’
(not checked:)
Loftr (noun m.): [Loptr, loft]
[2] Lopts: so J1ˣ, 325VIII 1, 61, 54, Bb, lopt Kˣ, F, lofs 53
kennings
Vínu vínheims vinar Lopts.‘the Vína of the wine-world of the friend of Loptr. ’
= POEM
the friend of Loptr. → Óðinn
the wine-world of ÓÐINN → VAT
the Vína of the VAT → POEM
notes
[2, 3, 4] Vínu vínheims vinar Lopts ‘the Vína <river> of the wine-world of the friend of Loptr <= Loki> [= Óðinn > VAT > POEM]’: Vína is the Northern Dvina river, here standing for ‘river’ in general (LP: 1. Vína; Note to Þul Á 3/1III). Jón Þorkelsson (1884, 46) resolves the kenning convincingly and is followed by most later eds. This edn, with most others, interprets vínheimr ‘wine-world’ as referring to the vat in which the mead of poetry is stored (LP: vínheimr). Kock’s interpretation (NN §2513) as a hall in which wine is drunk is doubtful, because the kenning would not then mean ‘poem’ (cf. Kreutzer 1977, 108).
vinar ‘of the friend’
(not checked:)
vinr (noun m.; °-ar, dat. -/(-i OsvReyk 92.17); -ir): friend
kennings
Vínu vínheims vinar Lopts.‘the Vína of the wine-world of the friend of Loptr. ’
= POEM
the friend of Loptr. → Óðinn
the wine-world of ÓÐINN → VAT
the Vína of the VAT → POEM
notes
[2, 3, 4] Vínu vínheims vinar Lopts ‘the Vína <river> of the wine-world of the friend of Loptr <= Loki> [= Óðinn > VAT > POEM]’: Vína is the Northern Dvina river, here standing for ‘river’ in general (LP: 1. Vína; Note to Þul Á 3/1III). Jón Þorkelsson (1884, 46) resolves the kenning convincingly and is followed by most later eds. This edn, with most others, interprets vínheimr ‘wine-world’ as referring to the vat in which the mead of poetry is stored (LP: vínheimr). Kock’s interpretation (NN §2513) as a hall in which wine is drunk is doubtful, because the kenning would not then mean ‘poem’ (cf. Kreutzer 1977, 108).
vinar ‘of the friend’
(not checked:)
vinr (noun m.; °-ar, dat. -/(-i OsvReyk 92.17); -ir): friend
kennings
Vínu vínheims vinar Lopts.‘the Vína of the wine-world of the friend of Loptr. ’
= POEM
the friend of Loptr. → Óðinn
the wine-world of ÓÐINN → VAT
the Vína of the VAT → POEM
notes
[2, 3, 4] Vínu vínheims vinar Lopts ‘the Vína <river> of the wine-world of the friend of Loptr <= Loki> [= Óðinn > VAT > POEM]’: Vína is the Northern Dvina river, here standing for ‘river’ in general (LP: 1. Vína; Note to Þul Á 3/1III). Jón Þorkelsson (1884, 46) resolves the kenning convincingly and is followed by most later eds. This edn, with most others, interprets vínheimr ‘wine-world’ as referring to the vat in which the mead of poetry is stored (LP: vínheimr). Kock’s interpretation (NN §2513) as a hall in which wine is drunk is doubtful, because the kenning would not then mean ‘poem’ (cf. Kreutzer 1977, 108).
vinar ‘of the friend’
(not checked:)
vinr (noun m.; °-ar, dat. -/(-i OsvReyk 92.17); -ir): friend
kennings
Vínu vínheims vinar Lopts.‘the Vína of the wine-world of the friend of Loptr. ’
= POEM
the friend of Loptr. → Óðinn
the wine-world of ÓÐINN → VAT
the Vína of the VAT → POEM
notes
[2, 3, 4] Vínu vínheims vinar Lopts ‘the Vína <river> of the wine-world of the friend of Loptr <= Loki> [= Óðinn > VAT > POEM]’: Vína is the Northern Dvina river, here standing for ‘river’ in general (LP: 1. Vína; Note to Þul Á 3/1III). Jón Þorkelsson (1884, 46) resolves the kenning convincingly and is followed by most later eds. This edn, with most others, interprets vínheimr ‘wine-world’ as referring to the vat in which the mead of poetry is stored (LP: vínheimr). Kock’s interpretation (NN §2513) as a hall in which wine is drunk is doubtful, because the kenning would not then mean ‘poem’ (cf. Kreutzer 1977, 108).
barða ‘pelted’
(not checked:)
2. berja (verb; °barði; barðr/bariðr/barinn): fight
því ‘therefore’
(not checked:)
því (adv.): therefore, because
kom ‘came’
(not checked:)
koma (verb; kem, kom/kvam, kominn): come
vestr ‘’
(not checked:)
2. vestr (adv.): west, in the west
vǫxtr ‘growth’
(not checked:)
vǫxtr (noun m.; °vaxtar, dat. vexti; vextir, acc. vǫxtu): [growth]
[3] vǫxtr: vestr Bb
í ‘to’
(not checked:)
í (prep.): in, into
Vínu ‘the Vína’
(not checked:)
Vína (noun f.): [Dvina, Vína]
kennings
Vínu vínheims vinar Lopts.‘the Vína of the wine-world of the friend of Loptr. ’
= POEM
the friend of Loptr. → Óðinn
the wine-world of ÓÐINN → VAT
the Vína of the VAT → POEM
notes
[2, 3, 4] Vínu vínheims vinar Lopts ‘the Vína <river> of the wine-world of the friend of Loptr <= Loki> [= Óðinn > VAT > POEM]’: Vína is the Northern Dvina river, here standing for ‘river’ in general (LP: 1. Vína; Note to Þul Á 3/1III). Jón Þorkelsson (1884, 46) resolves the kenning convincingly and is followed by most later eds. This edn, with most others, interprets vínheimr ‘wine-world’ as referring to the vat in which the mead of poetry is stored (LP: vínheimr). Kock’s interpretation (NN §2513) as a hall in which wine is drunk is doubtful, because the kenning would not then mean ‘poem’ (cf. Kreutzer 1977, 108).
vín ‘of the wine’
(not checked:)
vín (noun n.; °-s; -): wine < vínheimr (noun m.)
kennings
Vínu vínheims vinar Lopts.‘the Vína of the wine-world of the friend of Loptr. ’
= POEM
the friend of Loptr. → Óðinn
the wine-world of ÓÐINN → VAT
the Vína of the VAT → POEM
notes
[2, 3, 4] Vínu vínheims vinar Lopts ‘the Vína <river> of the wine-world of the friend of Loptr <= Loki> [= Óðinn > VAT > POEM]’: Vína is the Northern Dvina river, here standing for ‘river’ in general (LP: 1. Vína; Note to Þul Á 3/1III). Jón Þorkelsson (1884, 46) resolves the kenning convincingly and is followed by most later eds. This edn, with most others, interprets vínheimr ‘wine-world’ as referring to the vat in which the mead of poetry is stored (LP: vínheimr). Kock’s interpretation (NN §2513) as a hall in which wine is drunk is doubtful, because the kenning would not then mean ‘poem’ (cf. Kreutzer 1977, 108).
vín ‘of the wine’
(not checked:)
vín (noun n.; °-s; -): wine < vínheimr (noun m.)
kennings
Vínu vínheims vinar Lopts.‘the Vína of the wine-world of the friend of Loptr. ’
= POEM
the friend of Loptr. → Óðinn
the wine-world of ÓÐINN → VAT
the Vína of the VAT → POEM
notes
[2, 3, 4] Vínu vínheims vinar Lopts ‘the Vína <river> of the wine-world of the friend of Loptr <= Loki> [= Óðinn > VAT > POEM]’: Vína is the Northern Dvina river, here standing for ‘river’ in general (LP: 1. Vína; Note to Þul Á 3/1III). Jón Þorkelsson (1884, 46) resolves the kenning convincingly and is followed by most later eds. This edn, with most others, interprets vínheimr ‘wine-world’ as referring to the vat in which the mead of poetry is stored (LP: vínheimr). Kock’s interpretation (NN §2513) as a hall in which wine is drunk is doubtful, because the kenning would not then mean ‘poem’ (cf. Kreutzer 1977, 108).
heims ‘world’
(not checked:)
heimr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i/-; -ar): home, abode; world < vínheimr (noun m.)
kennings
Vínu vínheims vinar Lopts.‘the Vína of the wine-world of the friend of Loptr. ’
= POEM
the friend of Loptr. → Óðinn
the wine-world of ÓÐINN → VAT
the Vína of the VAT → POEM
notes
[2, 3, 4] Vínu vínheims vinar Lopts ‘the Vína <river> of the wine-world of the friend of Loptr <= Loki> [= Óðinn > VAT > POEM]’: Vína is the Northern Dvina river, here standing for ‘river’ in general (LP: 1. Vína; Note to Þul Á 3/1III). Jón Þorkelsson (1884, 46) resolves the kenning convincingly and is followed by most later eds. This edn, with most others, interprets vínheimr ‘wine-world’ as referring to the vat in which the mead of poetry is stored (LP: vínheimr). Kock’s interpretation (NN §2513) as a hall in which wine is drunk is doubtful, because the kenning would not then mean ‘poem’ (cf. Kreutzer 1977, 108).
heims ‘world’
(not checked:)
heimr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i/-; -ar): home, abode; world < vínheimr (noun m.)
kennings
Vínu vínheims vinar Lopts.‘the Vína of the wine-world of the friend of Loptr. ’
= POEM
the friend of Loptr. → Óðinn
the wine-world of ÓÐINN → VAT
the Vína of the VAT → POEM
notes
[2, 3, 4] Vínu vínheims vinar Lopts ‘the Vína <river> of the wine-world of the friend of Loptr <= Loki> [= Óðinn > VAT > POEM]’: Vína is the Northern Dvina river, here standing for ‘river’ in general (LP: 1. Vína; Note to Þul Á 3/1III). Jón Þorkelsson (1884, 46) resolves the kenning convincingly and is followed by most later eds. This edn, with most others, interprets vínheimr ‘wine-world’ as referring to the vat in which the mead of poetry is stored (LP: vínheimr). Kock’s interpretation (NN §2513) as a hall in which wine is drunk is doubtful, because the kenning would not then mean ‘poem’ (cf. Kreutzer 1977, 108).
fíandr ‘enemies’
(not checked:)
fjándi (noun m.; °-a; fjándr/fjándar/fjándir): enemy, devil
sína ‘his’
(not checked:)
3. sinn (pron.; °f. sín, n. sitt): (refl. poss. pron.)
at ‘’
(not checked:)
4. at (conj.): that
notes
[5] ok ‘and’: The mss offer both ok ‘and’ and at ‘that’. (a) Ok is chosen here, since it is both the reading of the Kringla group mss including the main ms. Kˣ and the reading that yields the most natural syntactic and semantic structure for the stanza as a whole. It produces a conventional statement that the hero of the poem causes it to swell, his great deeds supplying material for praise. (b) The variant at in the Jöfraskinna group mss and the mss of ÓT would introduce a subordinate clause in the second helmingr which is dependent on því in the first helmingr, giving ‘for this reason the poem grew … that the three sons of the jarl fell’; but it would be unusual to make such a claim about defeated enemies.
for ‘exceedingly’
(not checked:)
for- ((prefix)): exceedingly < forsnjallr (adj.)
notes
[5, 8] þrír forsnjallir synir jarls ‘three exceedingly brave sons of a jarl’: One of these is Grjótgarðr, the uncle of Hákon jarl and son of another Hákon; the others are unidentified (see ÍF 28, Ættaskrár V, for a genealogy of the jarls of Hlaðir (Lade)).
snjallir ‘brave’
(not checked:)
snjallr (adj.): quick, resourceful, bold < forsnjallr (adj.)
notes
[5, 8] þrír forsnjallir synir jarls ‘three exceedingly brave sons of a jarl’: One of these is Grjótgarðr, the uncle of Hákon jarl and son of another Hákon; the others are unidentified (see ÍF 28, Ættaskrár V, for a genealogy of the jarls of Hlaðir (Lade)).
fellu ‘fell’
(not checked:)
falla (verb): fall
fúrs ‘of the fire’
(not checked:)
fúrr (noun m.): fire
kennings
skúrum fúrs Þróttar;‘the showers of the fire of Þróttr; ’
= BATTLE
the fire of Þróttr; → SWORD
the showers of the SWORD → BATTLE
fúrs ‘of the fire’
(not checked:)
fúrr (noun m.): fire
kennings
skúrum fúrs Þróttar;‘the showers of the fire of Þróttr; ’
= BATTLE
the fire of Þróttr; → SWORD
the showers of the SWORD → BATTLE
í ‘in’
(not checked:)
í (prep.): in, into
Þundar ‘’
(not checked:)
Þundr (noun m.): Þundr
kennings
skúrum fúrs Þróttar;‘the showers of the fire of Þróttr; ’
= BATTLE
the fire of Þróttr; → SWORD
the showers of the SWORD → BATTLE
kennings
skúrum fúrs Þróttar;‘the showers of the fire of Þróttr; ’
= BATTLE
the fire of Þróttr; → SWORD
the showers of the SWORD → BATTLE
skúrum ‘the showers’
(not checked:)
1. skúr (noun f.; °; -ir): shower
kennings
skúrum fúrs Þróttar;‘the showers of the fire of Þróttr; ’
= BATTLE
the fire of Þróttr; → SWORD
the showers of the SWORD → BATTLE
fór ‘’
(not checked:)
fara (verb; ferr, fór, fóru, farinn): go, travel
þjóstar ‘’
(not checked:)
þjóstr (noun m.; °dat. -i): rage, anger, rancour
þróttar ‘’
(not checked:)
2. Þróttr (noun m.): Þróttr
þjóðar ‘of the people’
(not checked:)
þjóð (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -/-u; -ir): people
[7] þjóðar: þróttar 61, þjóstar 53, 54, Bb
kennings
snytri þjóðar‘to the instructor of the people. ’
= RULER = Hákon jarl
to the instructor of the people. → RULER = Hákon jarl
notes
[7] snytri þjóðar ‘to the instructor of the people [RULER = Hákon jarl]’: Snytrir ‘instructor’, derived from snotr ‘wise’, must refer to the ruler. The sole other instance of the word is Þjóð Haustl 3/3III snytrir hapta ‘instructor of the divine powers’, a kenning for Óðinn.
snyrti ‘’
(not checked:)
snyrtir (noun m.): polisher
snytri ‘to the instructor’
(not checked:)
snytrir (noun m.): teacher, instructor
[7] snytri: snyrti 54, Bb
kennings
snytri þjóðar‘to the instructor of the people. ’
= RULER = Hákon jarl
to the instructor of the people. → RULER = Hákon jarl
notes
[7] snytri þjóðar ‘to the instructor of the people [RULER = Hákon jarl]’: Snytrir ‘instructor’, derived from snotr ‘wise’, must refer to the ruler. The sole other instance of the word is Þjóð Haustl 3/3III snytrir hapta ‘instructor of the divine powers’, a kenning for Óðinn.
þrír ‘three’
(not checked:)
þrír (num. cardinal): three
notes
[5, 8] þrír forsnjallir synir jarls ‘three exceedingly brave sons of a jarl’: One of these is Grjótgarðr, the uncle of Hákon jarl and son of another Hákon; the others are unidentified (see ÍF 28, Ættaskrár V, for a genealogy of the jarls of Hlaðir (Lade)).
jarls ‘of a jarl’
(not checked:)
jarl (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): poet, earl
notes
[5, 8] þrír forsnjallir synir jarls ‘three exceedingly brave sons of a jarl’: One of these is Grjótgarðr, the uncle of Hákon jarl and son of another Hákon; the others are unidentified (see ÍF 28, Ættaskrár V, for a genealogy of the jarls of Hlaðir (Lade)).
seynir ‘’
(not checked:)
sonr (noun m.; °-ar, dat. syni; synir, acc. sonu, syni): son
synir ‘sons’
(not checked:)
sonr (noun m.; °-ar, dat. syni; synir, acc. sonu, syni): son
[8] synir: ‘seynir’ F
notes
[5, 8] þrír forsnjallir synir jarls ‘three exceedingly brave sons of a jarl’: One of these is Grjótgarðr, the uncle of Hákon jarl and son of another Hákon; the others are unidentified (see ÍF 28, Ættaskrár V, for a genealogy of the jarls of Hlaðir (Lade)).
tírar ‘glory’
(not checked:)
tírr (noun m.; °-s): glory, honour
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
|
Hjalmgrápi vann hilmir |
The hardy ruler had his enemies pelted with helmet-hail [BATTLE]; therefore, growth came to the Vína <river> of the wine-world of the friend of Loptr <= Loki> [= Óðinn > VAT > POEM]. And three exceedingly brave sons of a jarl fell in the showers of the fire of Þróttr <= Óðinn> [SWORD > BATTLE]; that brings glory to the instructor of the people [RULER = Hákon jarl].
King Haraldr gráfeldr ‘Grey-cloak’ and his brother Guðrøðr advance northwards to Þrándheimr (Trøndelag) with a large army. When Hákon jarl learns of this, he heads south to Mœrr (Sunn- or Nordmøre) with his own army and pillages there. Grjótgarðr, Hákon jarl’s uncle, has been charged with defending the region and calls up an army on the orders of Haraldr and Guðrøðr. The two armies fight and Grjótgarðr is killed.
[2]: The line is divided into three parts in almost all interpretations. Only Kock (NN §399) avoids the tripartition by conjoining vinar Lopts ‘of the friend of Loptr <= Loki> [= Óðinn]’ and hilmir ‘ruler’, but this sacrifices the determinant of vínheims ‘of the wine-world’ in the intercalary clause (cf. Reichardt 1930, 243-4). Subsequently Kock (NN §2242), following a suggestion of Meissner (Kock and Meissner 1931, I, 9), conjoins harðr ‘hardy’ with vǫxtr ‘growth’ from the intercalary clause. This also avoids the tripartition (cf. Frank 1978, 85), but harðr is semantically better suited to hilmir than vǫxtr. — [3]: This line lacks a skothending. Various attempts have been made to correct this through emendation. Jón Þorkelsson (1884, 46) suggests sýnisk ‘it appears’ in place of því kom ‘in this way came’, and Kock (NN §1884C) suggests Vixlu instead of Vínu. — [4]: The metre of the line dictates that fíandr be read as disyllabic.
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