Eskál Vell 10^I

Rignði ‘rained’

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2. rigna (verb): rain

hjǫrs ‘of the sword’

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hjǫrr (noun m.): sword

kennings

notes

[1, 2] hjǫrs hríðremmis ‘of the strengthener of the storm of the sword [(lit. ‘storm-strengthener of the sword’) BATTLE > WARRIOR]’: Hríðremmis is attested in all mss as a gen., so the warrior-kenning qualifies méilregni ‘arrow-rain [BATTLE]’. Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B) placed the warrior-kenning in the intercalary clause instead, hence Þrimlundr hjǫrs hríðremmir of jók Þundi gnótt þegns ‘The battle-minded strengthener of the storm of the sword [BATTLE > WARRIOR] increased the abundance of retainers for Þundr <= Óðinn>’, which requires the emendation of -remmis to -remmir, contrary to all mss, and leads to a much more complicated syntax for the helmingr. Because þrimlundr as a nominalised adj. can take the subject position in the intercalary clause (Kock NN §398; Reichardt 1928, 200), the emendation is unnecessary. Finnur Jónsson later (1934a, 20) changed his view and the later view is followed by this edn.

hjǫrs ‘of the sword’

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hjǫrr (noun m.): sword

kennings

notes

[1, 2] hjǫrs hríðremmis ‘of the strengthener of the storm of the sword [(lit. ‘storm-strengthener of the sword’) BATTLE > WARRIOR]’: Hríðremmis is attested in all mss as a gen., so the warrior-kenning qualifies méilregni ‘arrow-rain [BATTLE]’. Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B) placed the warrior-kenning in the intercalary clause instead, hence Þrimlundr hjǫrs hríðremmir of jók Þundi gnótt þegns ‘The battle-minded strengthener of the storm of the sword [BATTLE > WARRIOR] increased the abundance of retainers for Þundr <= Óðinn>’, which requires the emendation of -remmis to -remmir, contrary to all mss, and leads to a much more complicated syntax for the helmingr. Because þrimlundr as a nominalised adj. can take the subject position in the intercalary clause (Kock NN §398; Reichardt 1928, 200), the emendation is unnecessary. Finnur Jónsson later (1934a, 20) changed his view and the later view is followed by this edn.

á ‘on’

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3. á (prep.): on, at

hersa ‘of the hersar’

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hersir (noun m.; °-is; -ar): cheiftan

notes

[1] hersa ‘of the hersar’: Hersar are district chieftains, noblemen of lesser rank than a jarl. Here the term seems to refer to the commanders serving the Eiríkssynir or Gunnhildarsynir (Konráð Gíslason 1895-7, I, 110).

hríð ‘of the storm’

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hríð (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): time, storm < hríðremmir (noun m.)hríð (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): time, storm

[2] hríð‑: so all others, ‘h[...]rð‑’ Kˣ

kennings

notes

[1, 2] hjǫrs hríðremmis ‘of the strengthener of the storm of the sword [(lit. ‘storm-strengthener of the sword’) BATTLE > WARRIOR]’: Hríðremmis is attested in all mss as a gen., so the warrior-kenning qualifies méilregni ‘arrow-rain [BATTLE]’. Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B) placed the warrior-kenning in the intercalary clause instead, hence Þrimlundr hjǫrs hríðremmir of jók Þundi gnótt þegns ‘The battle-minded strengthener of the storm of the sword [BATTLE > WARRIOR] increased the abundance of retainers for Þundr <= Óðinn>’, which requires the emendation of -remmis to -remmir, contrary to all mss, and leads to a much more complicated syntax for the helmingr. Because þrimlundr as a nominalised adj. can take the subject position in the intercalary clause (Kock NN §398; Reichardt 1928, 200), the emendation is unnecessary. Finnur Jónsson later (1934a, 20) changed his view and the later view is followed by this edn.

hríð ‘of the storm’

(not checked:)
hríð (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): time, storm < hríðremmir (noun m.)hríð (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): time, storm

[2] hríð‑: so all others, ‘h[...]rð‑’ Kˣ

kennings

notes

[1, 2] hjǫrs hríðremmis ‘of the strengthener of the storm of the sword [(lit. ‘storm-strengthener of the sword’) BATTLE > WARRIOR]’: Hríðremmis is attested in all mss as a gen., so the warrior-kenning qualifies méilregni ‘arrow-rain [BATTLE]’. Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B) placed the warrior-kenning in the intercalary clause instead, hence Þrimlundr hjǫrs hríðremmir of jók Þundi gnótt þegns ‘The battle-minded strengthener of the storm of the sword [BATTLE > WARRIOR] increased the abundance of retainers for Þundr <= Óðinn>’, which requires the emendation of -remmis to -remmir, contrary to all mss, and leads to a much more complicated syntax for the helmingr. Because þrimlundr as a nominalised adj. can take the subject position in the intercalary clause (Kock NN §398; Reichardt 1928, 200), the emendation is unnecessary. Finnur Jónsson later (1934a, 20) changed his view and the later view is followed by this edn.

remnis ‘’

remmis ‘of the strengthener’

(not checked:)
remmir (noun m.): strengthener < hríðremmir (noun m.)

[2] ‑remmis: ‘‑remnis’ J2ˣ

kennings

notes

[1, 2] hjǫrs hríðremmis ‘of the strengthener of the storm of the sword [(lit. ‘storm-strengthener of the sword’) BATTLE > WARRIOR]’: Hríðremmis is attested in all mss as a gen., so the warrior-kenning qualifies méilregni ‘arrow-rain [BATTLE]’. Finnur Jónsson (Hkr 1893-1901, IV; Skj B) placed the warrior-kenning in the intercalary clause instead, hence Þrimlundr hjǫrs hríðremmir of jók Þundi gnótt þegns ‘The battle-minded strengthener of the storm of the sword [BATTLE > WARRIOR] increased the abundance of retainers for Þundr <= Óðinn>’, which requires the emendation of -remmis to -remmir, contrary to all mss, and leads to a much more complicated syntax for the helmingr. Because þrimlundr as a nominalised adj. can take the subject position in the intercalary clause (Kock NN §398; Reichardt 1928, 200), the emendation is unnecessary. Finnur Jónsson later (1934a, 20) changed his view and the later view is followed by this edn.

fjǫr ‘the life’

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fjǫr (noun n.): life

víða ‘widely’

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1. víða (adv.): widely

þrym ‘’

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þrymr (noun m.; °-s): din < þrymlundr (noun m.)

þver ‘’

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þverr (adj.): across < þverlundr (adj.)

þrim ‘the battle’

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þrima (noun f.): battle, din < þrimlundr (adj.)

[3] þrim‑: þver‑ 39, F, þrym‑ 61, 325IX 1 a, Bb

lundar ‘’

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2. lundr (adj.): minded

lyndr ‘’

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lyndr (adj.; °superl. -astr): minded

lunðar ‘’

lundr ‘minded’

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2. lundr (adj.): minded < þrimlundr (adj.)2. lundr (adj.): minded < þverlundr (adj.)2. lundr (adj.): minded < þrymlundr (noun m.)

[3] ‑lundr: ‑lyndr 39, F, 61, ‘‑lunðar’ J1ˣ, ‑lundar J2ˣ

ok ‘’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

of ‘’

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4. of (particle): (before verb)

[3] of: ok J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 61, 325IX 1 a, Bb

jók ‘increased’

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1. auka (verb; °eykr; jók, jóku/juku): (str. intrans.) increase

Þundi ‘for Þundr’

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Þundr (noun m.): Þundr

þegn ‘’

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þegn (noun m.; °dat. -/-i; -ar): thane, man, franklin

þegns ‘of retainers’

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þegn (noun m.; °dat. -/-i; -ar): thane, man, franklin

[4] þegns: þegn 39, F, ‘þ(e)gns’(?) J1ˣ

ok ‘’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

gnótt ‘the abundance’

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gnótt (noun f.): abundance

[4] gnótt: gnótt ok 39, F

men ‘’

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2. men (noun n.; °; dat. menjum): neck-ring < menregn (noun n.)

meðal ‘’

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meðal (prep.): between < meðalregn (noun n.)

mél ‘’

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1. mél (noun n.): [time] < mélregn (noun n.)

méil ‘The arrow’

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méil (noun n.): [arrow] < méilregn (noun n.)

[4] méil‑: men‑ F, mél‑ 61, meðal‑ Bb

kennings

notes

[4] méilregni ‘the arrow-rain [BATTLE]’: Méil occurs only here and in Hfr Hákdr 9/4^III méilskúr ‘arrow-shower’. It is presumably of the same origin as mél ‘bit, mouth-piece of a bridle’. Exactly what the word means is not known; in combination with ‘rain/shower’ it is likely to mean a projectile weapon: arrow or spear (LP: méilregn; ÍF 26; on méil- cf. also Konráð Gíslason 1895-7, I, 110; Kristensen 1907, 235-6, 240). Because the verb rignði ‘it rained’ is impersonal, regni ‘rain’ appears as a dat. object.

regni ‘rain’

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regn (noun n.; °-s; -): rain < méilregn (noun n.)regn (noun n.; °-s; -): rain < mélregn (noun n.)regn (noun n.; °-s; -): rain < meðalregn (noun n.)regn (noun n.; °-s; -): rain < menregn (noun n.)

kennings

notes

[4] méilregni ‘the arrow-rain [BATTLE]’: Méil occurs only here and in Hfr Hákdr 9/4^III méilskúr ‘arrow-shower’. It is presumably of the same origin as mél ‘bit, mouth-piece of a bridle’. Exactly what the word means is not known; in combination with ‘rain/shower’ it is likely to mean a projectile weapon: arrow or spear (LP: méilregn; ÍF 26; on méil- cf. also Konráð Gíslason 1895-7, I, 110; Kristensen 1907, 235-6, 240). Because the verb rignði ‘it rained’ is impersonal, regni ‘rain’ appears as a dat. object.

Ok ‘And’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

haldinn ‘’

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halda (verb): hold, keep

hjald ‘’

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1. hjaldr (noun m.): battle < hjaldviðurr (noun m.)

hald ‘the steering’

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halda (verb): hold, keep < haldviðurr (noun m.)

[5] hald‑: hjald‑ 61, haldinn‑ Bb

kennings

notes

[5, 6] hald-Viðurr haffaxa ‘the steering Viðurr <= Óðinn> of sea-horses [SHIPS > SEAFARER]’: Hald- means ‘to steer’ here (cf., e.g., Sigv Nesv 2/5) and refers to the seafarer controlling the ships.

rúnr ‘’

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rúnr (adj.): skilled in runes

Viðurr ‘Viðurr’

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Viðurr (noun m.): Viðurr < haldviðurr (noun m.)Viðurr (noun m.): Viðurr < hjaldviðurr (noun m.)Viðurr (noun m.): Viðurr

[5] Viðurr: rúnr Bb

kennings

notes

[5, 6] hald-Viðurr haffaxa ‘the steering Viðurr <= Óðinn> of sea-horses [SHIPS > SEAFARER]’: Hald- means ‘to steer’ here (cf., e.g., Sigv Nesv 2/5) and refers to the seafarer controlling the ships.

haulda ‘of men’

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hǫlðr (noun m.; °-s; -ar): man

notes

[5] haulda ‘of men’: The ONorw. form haulda rather than OIcel. hǫlða is indicated by the rhyme on hald-. Although Einarr was an Icelander, he would have been familiar with the Norw. form through living at a Norwegian court. For hauldr see ANG §§105 Anm., 238.1b.

hár ‘’

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2. hár (noun n.; °-s; -): hair < hárfaxi (noun m.)

haf ‘of sea’

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haf (noun n.; °-s; *-): sea < haffaxi (noun m.)

[6] haf‑: hár‑ Bb

kennings

notes

[5, 6] hald-Viðurr haffaxa ‘the steering Viðurr <= Óðinn> of sea-horses [SHIPS > SEAFARER]’: Hald- means ‘to steer’ here (cf., e.g., Sigv Nesv 2/5) and refers to the seafarer controlling the ships.

haf ‘of sea’

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haf (noun n.; °-s; *-): sea < haffaxi (noun m.)

[6] haf‑: hár‑ Bb

kennings

notes

[5, 6] hald-Viðurr haffaxa ‘the steering Viðurr <= Óðinn> of sea-horses [SHIPS > SEAFARER]’: Hald- means ‘to steer’ here (cf., e.g., Sigv Nesv 2/5) and refers to the seafarer controlling the ships.

faxa ‘horses’

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faxi (noun m.): steed < haffaxi (noun m.)faxi (noun m.): steed < hárfaxi (noun m.)

kennings

notes

[5, 6] hald-Viðurr haffaxa ‘the steering Viðurr <= Óðinn> of sea-horses [SHIPS > SEAFARER]’: Hald- means ‘to steer’ here (cf., e.g., Sigv Nesv 2/5) and refers to the seafarer controlling the ships.

faxa ‘horses’

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faxi (noun m.): steed < haffaxi (noun m.)faxi (noun m.): steed < hárfaxi (noun m.)

kennings

notes

[5, 6] hald-Viðurr haffaxa ‘the steering Viðurr <= Óðinn> of sea-horses [SHIPS > SEAFARER]’: Hald- means ‘to steer’ here (cf., e.g., Sigv Nesv 2/5) and refers to the seafarer controlling the ships.

lét ‘let’

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láta (verb): let, have sth done

vaxa ‘grow’

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vaxa (verb): grow, increase

lꜹpa ‘’

Laufa ‘of Laufi’

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Laufi (noun m.; °-a): Laufi

[7] Laufa: ‘lꜹpa’ 39, J1ˣ, J2ˣ

kennings

veðrs ‘’

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2. veðr (noun n.; °-s; -): weather, wind, storm

veðr ‘storms’

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2. veðr (noun n.; °-s; -): weather, wind, storm

[7] veðr: veðrs Bb

kennings

at ‘against’

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3. at (prep.): at, to

lífum ‘’

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lífi (noun n.; °-s): life

lífi ‘the life’

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líf (noun n.; °-s; -): life

[7] lífi: lífum 39, F, J1ˣ, J2ˣ, 61, 325IX 1 a, Bb

lið ‘’

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lið (noun n.; °-s; -): retinue, troop < liðkaldr (adj.)

líf ‘the life’

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líf (noun n.; °-s; -): life < lífkaldr (adj.)

[8] líf‑: lið‑ 39

kennings

notes

[8] lífkǫld ‘life-cold’: I.e. inimical to life.

kǫld ‘cold’

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kaldr (adj.; °compar. -ari): cold < lífkaldr (adj.)kaldr (adj.; °compar. -ari): cold < liðkaldr (adj.)

kennings

notes

[8] lífkǫld ‘life-cold’: I.e. inimical to life.

Haralds ‘’

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Haraldr (noun m.): Haraldr

harlldz ‘’

Hôars ‘of Hárr’

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Háarr (noun m.): [Hárr, Hôarr]

[8] Hôars: ‘harlldz’ 325IX 1 a, Haralds Bb

kennings

notes

[8] drífu Hôars ‘in the snow-storm of Hárr <= Óðinn> [BATTLE]’: Drífu can be acc., gen. or dat., and previous eds have construed the phrase in various ways. (a) It is understood here and in most eds as being a dat. of location, with the sense ‘in battle’. (b) If the battle is thought of as an equivalent to a period of time, drífu could be a temporal acc., hence ‘at/throughout the battle’ (cf. NS §98). (c) Fms 12 combined hǫlða and drífu Hôars into a kenning, ‘the men of the snow-storm of Hárr [BATTLE > WARRIORS]’, but hǫlðar cannot form a kenning with drífu Hôars because it is an independent term (so Konráð Gíslason 1895-7, I, 112). (d) Konráð’s own suggestion of combining drífu Hôars with haffaxa ‘of sea-horses [SHIPS]’ to form a kenning for ‘battle at sea’ is unconvincing. (e) Kock (NN §2241) takes drífu Hôars in apposition to veðr Laufa ‘the weather of Laufi <sword> [BATTLE]’, but apposition involving kennings is rare at best.

drífu ‘the snow-storm’

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1. drífa (noun f.; °-u): snow-storm

kennings

notes

[8] drífu Hôars ‘in the snow-storm of Hárr <= Óðinn> [BATTLE]’: Drífu can be acc., gen. or dat., and previous eds have construed the phrase in various ways. (a) It is understood here and in most eds as being a dat. of location, with the sense ‘in battle’. (b) If the battle is thought of as an equivalent to a period of time, drífu could be a temporal acc., hence ‘at/throughout the battle’ (cf. NS §98). (c) Fms 12 combined hǫlða and drífu Hôars into a kenning, ‘the men of the snow-storm of Hárr [BATTLE > WARRIORS]’, but hǫlðar cannot form a kenning with drífu Hôars because it is an independent term (so Konráð Gíslason 1895-7, I, 112). (d) Konráð’s own suggestion of combining drífu Hôars with haffaxa ‘of sea-horses [SHIPS]’ to form a kenning for ‘battle at sea’ is unconvincing. (e) Kock (NN §2241) takes drífu Hôars in apposition to veðr Laufa ‘the weather of Laufi <sword> [BATTLE]’, but apposition involving kennings is rare at best.