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skaldic

Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages

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Ekúl Kristdr 3III

Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.) 2017, ‘Eilífr kúlnasveinn, Kristsdrápa 3’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 132.

Eilífr kúlnasveinnKristsdrápa
234

Môttr ‘power’

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máttr (noun m.; °-ar, dat. mǽtti/mátt; mǽttir, dat. -um): power

[1] Môttr‑: Minni U

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an ‘than’

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2. an (conj.): than

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menn ‘men’

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maðr (noun m.): man, person

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of ‘’

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4. of (particle): (before verb)

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hyggi ‘can imagine’

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2. hyggja (verb): think, consider

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goðs ‘of God’

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1. guð (noun m.; °***guðrs, guðis, gus): (Christian) God

[2] goðs: goð U

kennings

sonar goðs
‘of the son of God ’
   = Christ

the son of God → Christ

notes

[2] sonar goðs ‘of the son of God [= Christ]’: The reading of R has been adopted here (so also SnE 1998). Both Skj B and Skald prefer vinar goðs ‘of the friend of God’, the reading of , W and A, but there is little support in the skaldic corpus (cf. Meissner 386) for designating Christ the friend of God, whereas there are many kennings based on the ‘son of God’ model (e.g. Anon Pl 10/8VII, Anon Pét 19/5, 7VII). Kennings that use the model ‘friend of God’ usually refer to priests or other holy men (cf. Meissner 387-8), not to Christ.

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sonar ‘of the son’

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sonr (noun m.; °-ar, dat. syni; synir, acc. sonu, syni): son

[2] sonar: vinar Tˣ, W, A, vinum U

kennings

sonar goðs
‘of the son of God ’
   = Christ

the son of God → Christ

notes

[2] sonar goðs ‘of the son of God [= Christ]’: The reading of R has been adopted here (so also SnE 1998). Both Skj B and Skald prefer vinar goðs ‘of the friend of God’, the reading of , W and A, but there is little support in the skaldic corpus (cf. Meissner 386) for designating Christ the friend of God, whereas there are many kennings based on the ‘son of God’ model (e.g. Anon Pl 10/8VII, Anon Pét 19/5, 7VII). Kennings that use the model ‘friend of God’ usually refer to priests or other holy men (cf. Meissner 387-8), not to Christ.

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þó ‘moreover’

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þó (adv.): though

[3] þós engla gramr (‘þoer engla gramr’): ‘þ[…]amr’ W

notes

[3] þós ‘moreover … is’: The syntax of st. 3 parallels that of sts 1 and 2, both of which consist of two couplets containing independent clauses. Þó is thus an adv. here (with the cliticised verb -s < es ‘is’).

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s ‘is’

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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

[3] þós engla gramr (‘þoer engla gramr’): ‘þ[…]amr’ W

notes

[3] þós ‘moreover … is’: The syntax of st. 3 parallels that of sts 1 and 2, both of which consist of two couplets containing independent clauses. Þó is thus an adv. here (with the cliticised verb -s < es ‘is’).

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engla ‘of angels’

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1. engill (noun m.; °engils; englar): angel

[3] þós engla gramr (‘þoer engla gramr’): ‘þ[…]amr’ W

kennings

ǫrr gramr engla
‘the generous prince of angels ’
   = God

the generous prince of angels → God
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gramr ‘prince’

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1. gramr (noun m.): ruler

[3] þós engla gramr (‘þoer engla gramr’): ‘þ[…]amr’ W

kennings

ǫrr gramr engla
‘the generous prince of angels ’
   = God

the generous prince of angels → God
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ǫllu ‘than everything’

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allr (adj.): all

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ǫrr ‘the generous’

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ǫrr (adj.): generous, brave

kennings

ǫrr gramr engla
‘the generous prince of angels ’
   = God

the generous prince of angels → God
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helgari ‘holier’

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helgari (noun m.; °-a): [holier]

[4] helgari: ‘helgar[…]’ W

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ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

[4] ok dýrri: ‘[…]yrr[…]’ W

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dýrri ‘more glorious’

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dýrr (adj.; °compar. -ri/-ari, superl. -str/-astr): precious

[4] ok dýrri: ‘[…]yrr[…]’ W

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Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses

This helmingr follows straight after st. 2, with the introductory words Engla konungr, enn sem Eilífr kvað ‘King of angels, as Eilífr said further’.

As with sts 1 and 2, there is deliberate repetition of the key words môtt/môttr (2/3, 3/1) between sts 2 and 3 and ǫll/ǫllu (1/3, 3/3) between sts 1 and 3. — Both this stanza and st. 4 are in the verse-form munnvǫrp ‘mouth-throwings’, in which there are no rhymes in the odd lines and skothending rather than aðalhending in the even lines, as in SnSt Ht 66 (cf. SnE 2007, 28, 83).

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