Eil Þdr 9^III

Óðu ‘waded’

(not checked:)
vaða (verb): advance, wade

fast ‘firmly’

(not checked:)
fastr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): firm, fast

en ‘and’

(not checked:)
2. en (conj.): but, and

Fríðar ‘of Fríðr’

(not checked:)
Fríðr (noun f.): Fríðr

kennings

notes

[1, 4] sverðrunnit fen Fríðar ‘the sword-filled fen of Fríðr <female mythical being> [RIVER]’: Sverðrunnit lit. ‘running with swords’. Kock (NN §2250, followed by Reichardt 1948, 354) rightly rejects Finnur Jónsson’s (1900b, 385-6; Skj B) emendation to svarðrunnit ‘streaming over the greensward’. He calls attention to Slíðr, the sword-filled underworld river in Vsp 36/1-4 (also mentioned in Grí 28/6), and the phrase hlaupár hjalts ‘the fast-flowing streams of the sword’ in st. 6/3, 4 (see Note there) is enough to justify adhering to the mss here. In both places, the river appears to be personified as a female mythical figure whose name does not have a determinant. The same is true of Mǫrn (st. 8; cf. st. 10/5). Finnur Jónsson’s emendation to svarðrunnit, lit. ‘flowing over the scalp’ (adopted by Clunies Ross 1981, 375), goes against all mss and is only comprehensible on the unexpressed assumption that grass, seen as the hair of the earth, makes the ‘scalp of the earth’ a field or meadow.

flaut ‘flowed’

(not checked:)
fljóta (verb): flow, float

eið ‘The oath’

(not checked:)
eið (noun n.; °-s; -): ?oath/headland < eiðsvari (noun m.): °compurgator; subject who has sworn loyalty to a lord, sworn follower; sworn confederate

kennings

notes

[2, 3] eiðsvara víkingar ‘the oath-bound vikings’: Þórr and Þjálfi are called vikings, which can be explained by the fact that, throughout the poem, warrior-kennings are used for them (see Introduction). The oath probably refers to a pact among the members of a group, in this case Þórr and Þjálfi, and not to an oath sworn to a lord (see Köbler 1986, 539-41). Since there is no evidence of an actual oath between Þórr and his companion, the adj. could perhaps be an epitheton ornans deriving from the ideas about groups of vikings bound by oaths.

svara ‘bound’

(not checked:)
-svari (noun m.): [bound] < eiðsvari (noun m.): °compurgator; subject who has sworn loyalty to a lord, sworn follower; sworn confederate

kennings

notes

[2, 3] eiðsvara víkingar ‘the oath-bound vikings’: Þórr and Þjálfi are called vikings, which can be explained by the fact that, throughout the poem, warrior-kennings are used for them (see Introduction). The oath probably refers to a pact among the members of a group, in this case Þórr and Þjálfi, and not to an oath sworn to a lord (see Köbler 1986, 539-41). Since there is no evidence of an actual oath between Þórr and his companion, the adj. could perhaps be an epitheton ornans deriving from the ideas about groups of vikings bound by oaths.

Gauta ‘of Gauti’

(not checked:)
2. Gauti (noun m.): Gauti; Óðinn

kennings

notes

[2-3] setrs Gauta ‘of the seat of Gauti <= Óðinn> [= Ásgarðr]’: This edn follows the interpretations of Sveinbjörn Egilsson (1851, 17), Finnur Jónsson (1900b, 387; Skj B) and Reichardt (1948, 355). Although Gautr is attested more often than Gauti as a name for Óðinn (LP: Gauti), this interpretation is more convincing than that of Kock (NN §451), who combines setrs with gunnar to form the shield-kenning setrs gunnar ‘of the seat of battle’. This cannot be a kenning for ‘shield’, however, because the base-word setr ‘seat’ in a shield-kenning requires a weapon (sword, spear) as its determinant (Meissner 169).

Gauta ‘of Gauti’

(not checked:)
2. Gauti (noun m.): Gauti; Óðinn

kennings

notes

[2-3] setrs Gauta ‘of the seat of Gauti <= Óðinn> [= Ásgarðr]’: This edn follows the interpretations of Sveinbjörn Egilsson (1851, 17), Finnur Jónsson (1900b, 387; Skj B) and Reichardt (1948, 355). Although Gautr is attested more often than Gauti as a name for Óðinn (LP: Gauti), this interpretation is more convincing than that of Kock (NN §451), who combines setrs with gunnar to form the shield-kenning setrs gunnar ‘of the seat of battle’. This cannot be a kenning for ‘shield’, however, because the base-word setr ‘seat’ in a shield-kenning requires a weapon (sword, spear) as its determinant (Meissner 169).

setrs ‘of the seat’

(not checked:)
setr (noun n.; °-s; -): seat, abode

kennings

notes

[2-3] setrs Gauta ‘of the seat of Gauti <= Óðinn> [= Ásgarðr]’: This edn follows the interpretations of Sveinbjörn Egilsson (1851, 17), Finnur Jónsson (1900b, 387; Skj B) and Reichardt (1948, 355). Although Gautr is attested more often than Gauti as a name for Óðinn (LP: Gauti), this interpretation is more convincing than that of Kock (NN §451), who combines setrs with gunnar to form the shield-kenning setrs gunnar ‘of the seat of battle’. This cannot be a kenning for ‘shield’, however, because the base-word setr ‘seat’ in a shield-kenning requires a weapon (sword, spear) as its determinant (Meissner 169).

setrs ‘of the seat’

(not checked:)
setr (noun n.; °-s; -): seat, abode

kennings

notes

[2-3] setrs Gauta ‘of the seat of Gauti <= Óðinn> [= Ásgarðr]’: This edn follows the interpretations of Sveinbjörn Egilsson (1851, 17), Finnur Jónsson (1900b, 387; Skj B) and Reichardt (1948, 355). Although Gautr is attested more often than Gauti as a name for Óðinn (LP: Gauti), this interpretation is more convincing than that of Kock (NN §451), who combines setrs with gunnar to form the shield-kenning setrs gunnar ‘of the seat of battle’. This cannot be a kenning for ‘shield’, however, because the base-word setr ‘seat’ in a shield-kenning requires a weapon (sword, spear) as its determinant (Meissner 169).

víkingar ‘vikings’

(not checked:)
víkingr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): viking

[3] víkingar: víkinga W

kennings

notes

[2, 3] eiðsvara víkingar ‘the oath-bound vikings’: Þórr and Þjálfi are called vikings, which can be explained by the fact that, throughout the poem, warrior-kennings are used for them (see Introduction). The oath probably refers to a pact among the members of a group, in this case Þórr and Þjálfi, and not to an oath sworn to a lord (see Köbler 1986, 539-41). Since there is no evidence of an actual oath between Þórr and his companion, the adj. could perhaps be an epitheton ornans deriving from the ideas about groups of vikings bound by oaths.

snotrir ‘wise’

(not checked:)
snotr (adj.): wise

sverð ‘the sword’

(not checked:)
sverð (noun n.; °-s; -): sword < sverðrunninn (adj./verb p.p.)

kennings

notes

[1, 4] sverðrunnit fen Fríðar ‘the sword-filled fen of Fríðr <female mythical being> [RIVER]’: Sverðrunnit lit. ‘running with swords’. Kock (NN §2250, followed by Reichardt 1948, 354) rightly rejects Finnur Jónsson’s (1900b, 385-6; Skj B) emendation to svarðrunnit ‘streaming over the greensward’. He calls attention to Slíðr, the sword-filled underworld river in Vsp 36/1-4 (also mentioned in Grí 28/6), and the phrase hlaupár hjalts ‘the fast-flowing streams of the sword’ in st. 6/3, 4 (see Note there) is enough to justify adhering to the mss here. In both places, the river appears to be personified as a female mythical figure whose name does not have a determinant. The same is true of Mǫrn (st. 8; cf. st. 10/5). Finnur Jónsson’s emendation to svarðrunnit, lit. ‘flowing over the scalp’ (adopted by Clunies Ross 1981, 375), goes against all mss and is only comprehensible on the unexpressed assumption that grass, seen as the hair of the earth, makes the ‘scalp of the earth’ a field or meadow.

runnit ‘filled’

(not checked:)
2. renna (verb): run (strong) < sverðrunninn (adj./verb p.p.)

[4] ‑runnit: so Tˣ, W, ‑runnar R

kennings

notes

[1, 4] sverðrunnit fen Fríðar ‘the sword-filled fen of Fríðr <female mythical being> [RIVER]’: Sverðrunnit lit. ‘running with swords’. Kock (NN §2250, followed by Reichardt 1948, 354) rightly rejects Finnur Jónsson’s (1900b, 385-6; Skj B) emendation to svarðrunnit ‘streaming over the greensward’. He calls attention to Slíðr, the sword-filled underworld river in Vsp 36/1-4 (also mentioned in Grí 28/6), and the phrase hlaupár hjalts ‘the fast-flowing streams of the sword’ in st. 6/3, 4 (see Note there) is enough to justify adhering to the mss here. In both places, the river appears to be personified as a female mythical figure whose name does not have a determinant. The same is true of Mǫrn (st. 8; cf. st. 10/5). Finnur Jónsson’s emendation to svarðrunnit, lit. ‘flowing over the scalp’ (adopted by Clunies Ross 1981, 375), goes against all mss and is only comprehensible on the unexpressed assumption that grass, seen as the hair of the earth, makes the ‘scalp of the earth’ a field or meadow.

fen ‘fen’

(not checked:)
fen (noun n.; °-s; -): fen

kennings

notes

[1, 4] sverðrunnit fen Fríðar ‘the sword-filled fen of Fríðr <female mythical being> [RIVER]’: Sverðrunnit lit. ‘running with swords’. Kock (NN §2250, followed by Reichardt 1948, 354) rightly rejects Finnur Jónsson’s (1900b, 385-6; Skj B) emendation to svarðrunnit ‘streaming over the greensward’. He calls attention to Slíðr, the sword-filled underworld river in Vsp 36/1-4 (also mentioned in Grí 28/6), and the phrase hlaupár hjalts ‘the fast-flowing streams of the sword’ in st. 6/3, 4 (see Note there) is enough to justify adhering to the mss here. In both places, the river appears to be personified as a female mythical figure whose name does not have a determinant. The same is true of Mǫrn (st. 8; cf. st. 10/5). Finnur Jónsson’s emendation to svarðrunnit, lit. ‘flowing over the scalp’ (adopted by Clunies Ross 1981, 375), goes against all mss and is only comprehensible on the unexpressed assumption that grass, seen as the hair of the earth, makes the ‘scalp of the earth’ a field or meadow.

gunnar ‘in war’

(not checked:)
gunnr (noun f.): battle

Þurði ‘rushed’

(not checked:)
þyrja (verb): race, rush, rage

hrǫnn ‘wave’

(not checked:)
hrǫnn (noun f.; °; dat. -um): wave

kennings

at ‘at’

(not checked:)
3. at (prep.): at, to

herði ‘the strengthener’

(not checked:)
herðir (noun m.): sword

kennings

herði ‘the strengthener’

(not checked:)
herðir (noun m.): sword

kennings

hauðrs ‘of the land’

(not checked:)
hauðr (noun n.): earth, ground

kennings

hauðrs ‘of the land’

(not checked:)
hauðr (noun n.): earth, ground

kennings

hauðrs ‘of the land’

(not checked:)
hauðr (noun n.): earth, ground

kennings

hauðrs ‘of the land’

(not checked:)
hauðr (noun n.): earth, ground

kennings

run* ‘of the stream’

(not checked:)
run (noun n.): [stream] < runkykvir (noun m.)

[6] run*‑: runn‑ all

kennings

notes

[6] run*kykva ‘of the quickeners of the stream’: The first element of this cpd appears as runn- in all mss. This could be the stem form of runnr ‘tree, bush’, but that does not lead to a viable interpretation here, while run-, on the other hand, does. Run is attested in the sense ‘a shallow stone watercourse over which water may flow from one body of water into another’, ‘a small, narrow watercourse between two lakes’ in Old Norwegian (Fritzner, Heggstad et al. 2008: run), and in New Norwegian it means a ‘watercourse between two lakes’ (cf. also Faroese run ‘light surf’; AEW: run). Its determinant here is hauðrs skafls jarðar ‘of the land of the snow-drift of the earth [RIDGE > MOUNTAINS]’, with which it forms an expression for ‘river’. Kykva is taken as gen. pl. of an agent noun *kykvir ‘quickener’, from a factitive verb *kykva ‘quicken’ (from ON kvikr ‘alive’; Reichardt 1948, 357). The ‘quickeners of the stream’ are the giantesses, and their ‘tormentor’ (herðir nauðar) is Þórr. Finnur Jónsson (1900b, 386-7; Skj B; LP: rúmbyggvir) emended the mss’ runnkykva to rúmbyggva, which he takes as the base-word of a giant-kenning (see Note to ll. 5-8 above). Kock’s (NN §452) and Kiil’s (1956, 124) interpretations are highly speculative and will not be discussed here.

run* ‘of the stream’

(not checked:)
run (noun n.): [stream] < runkykvir (noun m.)

[6] run*‑: runn‑ all

kennings

notes

[6] run*kykva ‘of the quickeners of the stream’: The first element of this cpd appears as runn- in all mss. This could be the stem form of runnr ‘tree, bush’, but that does not lead to a viable interpretation here, while run-, on the other hand, does. Run is attested in the sense ‘a shallow stone watercourse over which water may flow from one body of water into another’, ‘a small, narrow watercourse between two lakes’ in Old Norwegian (Fritzner, Heggstad et al. 2008: run), and in New Norwegian it means a ‘watercourse between two lakes’ (cf. also Faroese run ‘light surf’; AEW: run). Its determinant here is hauðrs skafls jarðar ‘of the land of the snow-drift of the earth [RIDGE > MOUNTAINS]’, with which it forms an expression for ‘river’. Kykva is taken as gen. pl. of an agent noun *kykvir ‘quickener’, from a factitive verb *kykva ‘quicken’ (from ON kvikr ‘alive’; Reichardt 1948, 357). The ‘quickeners of the stream’ are the giantesses, and their ‘tormentor’ (herðir nauðar) is Þórr. Finnur Jónsson (1900b, 386-7; Skj B; LP: rúmbyggvir) emended the mss’ runnkykva to rúmbyggva, which he takes as the base-word of a giant-kenning (see Note to ll. 5-8 above). Kock’s (NN §452) and Kiil’s (1956, 124) interpretations are highly speculative and will not be discussed here.

run* ‘of the stream’

(not checked:)
run (noun n.): [stream] < runkykvir (noun m.)

[6] run*‑: runn‑ all

kennings

notes

[6] run*kykva ‘of the quickeners of the stream’: The first element of this cpd appears as runn- in all mss. This could be the stem form of runnr ‘tree, bush’, but that does not lead to a viable interpretation here, while run-, on the other hand, does. Run is attested in the sense ‘a shallow stone watercourse over which water may flow from one body of water into another’, ‘a small, narrow watercourse between two lakes’ in Old Norwegian (Fritzner, Heggstad et al. 2008: run), and in New Norwegian it means a ‘watercourse between two lakes’ (cf. also Faroese run ‘light surf’; AEW: run). Its determinant here is hauðrs skafls jarðar ‘of the land of the snow-drift of the earth [RIDGE > MOUNTAINS]’, with which it forms an expression for ‘river’. Kykva is taken as gen. pl. of an agent noun *kykvir ‘quickener’, from a factitive verb *kykva ‘quicken’ (from ON kvikr ‘alive’; Reichardt 1948, 357). The ‘quickeners of the stream’ are the giantesses, and their ‘tormentor’ (herðir nauðar) is Þórr. Finnur Jónsson (1900b, 386-7; Skj B; LP: rúmbyggvir) emended the mss’ runnkykva to rúmbyggva, which he takes as the base-word of a giant-kenning (see Note to ll. 5-8 above). Kock’s (NN §452) and Kiil’s (1956, 124) interpretations are highly speculative and will not be discussed here.

kykva ‘of the quickeners’

(not checked:)
kykvir (noun m.): [quickeners] < runkykvir (noun m.)

[6] ‑kykva: ‑kvikva Tˣ, ‘‑kvika’ W

kennings

notes

[6] run*kykva ‘of the quickeners of the stream’: The first element of this cpd appears as runn- in all mss. This could be the stem form of runnr ‘tree, bush’, but that does not lead to a viable interpretation here, while run-, on the other hand, does. Run is attested in the sense ‘a shallow stone watercourse over which water may flow from one body of water into another’, ‘a small, narrow watercourse between two lakes’ in Old Norwegian (Fritzner, Heggstad et al. 2008: run), and in New Norwegian it means a ‘watercourse between two lakes’ (cf. also Faroese run ‘light surf’; AEW: run). Its determinant here is hauðrs skafls jarðar ‘of the land of the snow-drift of the earth [RIDGE > MOUNTAINS]’, with which it forms an expression for ‘river’. Kykva is taken as gen. pl. of an agent noun *kykvir ‘quickener’, from a factitive verb *kykva ‘quicken’ (from ON kvikr ‘alive’; Reichardt 1948, 357). The ‘quickeners of the stream’ are the giantesses, and their ‘tormentor’ (herðir nauðar) is Þórr. Finnur Jónsson (1900b, 386-7; Skj B; LP: rúmbyggvir) emended the mss’ runnkykva to rúmbyggva, which he takes as the base-word of a giant-kenning (see Note to ll. 5-8 above). Kock’s (NN §452) and Kiil’s (1956, 124) interpretations are highly speculative and will not be discussed here.

kykva ‘of the quickeners’

(not checked:)
kykvir (noun m.): [quickeners] < runkykvir (noun m.)

[6] ‑kykva: ‑kvikva Tˣ, ‘‑kvika’ W

kennings

notes

[6] run*kykva ‘of the quickeners of the stream’: The first element of this cpd appears as runn- in all mss. This could be the stem form of runnr ‘tree, bush’, but that does not lead to a viable interpretation here, while run-, on the other hand, does. Run is attested in the sense ‘a shallow stone watercourse over which water may flow from one body of water into another’, ‘a small, narrow watercourse between two lakes’ in Old Norwegian (Fritzner, Heggstad et al. 2008: run), and in New Norwegian it means a ‘watercourse between two lakes’ (cf. also Faroese run ‘light surf’; AEW: run). Its determinant here is hauðrs skafls jarðar ‘of the land of the snow-drift of the earth [RIDGE > MOUNTAINS]’, with which it forms an expression for ‘river’. Kykva is taken as gen. pl. of an agent noun *kykvir ‘quickener’, from a factitive verb *kykva ‘quicken’ (from ON kvikr ‘alive’; Reichardt 1948, 357). The ‘quickeners of the stream’ are the giantesses, and their ‘tormentor’ (herðir nauðar) is Þórr. Finnur Jónsson (1900b, 386-7; Skj B; LP: rúmbyggvir) emended the mss’ runnkykva to rúmbyggva, which he takes as the base-word of a giant-kenning (see Note to ll. 5-8 above). Kock’s (NN §452) and Kiil’s (1956, 124) interpretations are highly speculative and will not be discussed here.

nauðar ‘of the distress’

(not checked:)
nauð (noun f.; need, distress)

kennings

nauðar ‘of the distress’

(not checked:)
nauð (noun f.; need, distress)

kennings

jarðar ‘of the earth’

(not checked:)
jǫrð (noun f.; °jarðar, dat. -u; jarðir/jarðar(DN I (1367) 304Š)): ground, earth

kennings

jarðar ‘of the earth’

(not checked:)
jǫrð (noun f.; °jarðar, dat. -u; jarðir/jarðar(DN I (1367) 304Š)): ground, earth

kennings

jarðar ‘of the earth’

(not checked:)
jǫrð (noun f.; °jarðar, dat. -u; jarðir/jarðar(DN I (1367) 304Š)): ground, earth

kennings

jarðar ‘of the earth’

(not checked:)
jǫrð (noun f.; °jarðar, dat. -u; jarðir/jarðar(DN I (1367) 304Š)): ground, earth

kennings

jarðar ‘of the earth’

(not checked:)
jǫrð (noun f.; °jarðar, dat. -u; jarðir/jarðar(DN I (1367) 304Š)): ground, earth

kennings

skafls ‘of the snow-drift’

(not checked:)
skafl (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): snow-drift

kennings

skafls ‘of the snow-drift’

(not checked:)
skafl (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): snow-drift

kennings

skafls ‘of the snow-drift’

(not checked:)
skafl (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): snow-drift

kennings

skafls ‘of the snow-drift’

(not checked:)
skafl (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): snow-drift

kennings

skafls ‘of the snow-drift’

(not checked:)
skafl (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): snow-drift

kennings

af ‘’

(not checked:)
af (prep.): from

afli ‘mightily’

(not checked:)
2. afl (noun n.; °-s; *-): strength

[7] afli: ‘[…]li’ W

áss ‘of the ridge’

(not checked:)
1. áss (noun m.; °ásar/áss, dat. ǽsi/ás; ǽsir/ǽsar, gen. ása/ǽsa, dat. ásum/ǽsum, acc. ásu/ǽsi/ása): rafter, ridge

kennings

hret ‘The tempest’

(not checked:)
hret (noun n.): [tempest] < hretviðri (noun n.)

kennings

viðri ‘’

(not checked:)
-viðri (noun n.) < hretviðri (noun n.)

kennings

blásin ‘blown’

(not checked:)
2. blása (verb; °blǽss; blés, blésu; blásinn): blow

kennings