Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2017, ‘Einarr Skúlason, Øxarflokkr 9’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 149.
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ráðvandr (adj.): counsel-heading, judicious
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þiggja (verb): receive, get
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rauðr (adj.; °compar. -ari): red
[1] rauðra: so W, A, 2368ˣ, 743ˣ, ‘raþra’ R, randa Tˣ, rauðar U
[1-2] rauðra randa ‘of red shields’: For shields painted red, see Falk (1914b, 128-32) and Note to Sjórs Lv 3/1II. — [1-2, 3] ís rauðra randa; grand hjalms ‘an icicle of red shields [SWORD]; the harm of the helmet [AXE/SWORD]’: Finnur Jónsson takes the first as a kenning for ‘axe’ (Skj B) or ‘sword’ (LP: íss) and the second as a kenning for ‘axe’ (Skj B; LP: grand). Snorri gives both as kennings for ‘sword’ (see Meissner 149), however. Because the second kenning could conceivably denote ‘axe’, that option is left open in the present edn. See also Note to st. 3/4 above.
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rauðr (adj.; °compar. -ari): red
[1] rauðra: so W, A, 2368ˣ, 743ˣ, ‘raþra’ R, randa Tˣ, rauðar U
[1-2] rauðra randa ‘of red shields’: For shields painted red, see Falk (1914b, 128-32) and Note to Sjórs Lv 3/1II. — [1-2, 3] ís rauðra randa; grand hjalms ‘an icicle of red shields [SWORD]; the harm of the helmet [AXE/SWORD]’: Finnur Jónsson takes the first as a kenning for ‘axe’ (Skj B) or ‘sword’ (LP: íss) and the second as a kenning for ‘axe’ (Skj B; LP: grand). Snorri gives both as kennings for ‘sword’ (see Meissner 149), however. Because the second kenning could conceivably denote ‘axe’, that option is left open in the present edn. See also Note to st. 3/4 above.
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rǫnd (noun f.; °dat. -/-u; rendr/randir): shield, shield-rim
[2] randa: rauðra Tˣ, randar U
[1-2] rauðra randa ‘of red shields’: For shields painted red, see Falk (1914b, 128-32) and Note to Sjórs Lv 3/1II. — [1-2, 3] ís rauðra randa; grand hjalms ‘an icicle of red shields [SWORD]; the harm of the helmet [AXE/SWORD]’: Finnur Jónsson takes the first as a kenning for ‘axe’ (Skj B) or ‘sword’ (LP: íss) and the second as a kenning for ‘axe’ (Skj B; LP: grand). Snorri gives both as kennings for ‘sword’ (see Meissner 149), however. Because the second kenning could conceivably denote ‘axe’, that option is left open in the present edn. See also Note to st. 3/4 above.
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rǫnd (noun f.; °dat. -/-u; rendr/randir): shield, shield-rim
[2] randa: rauðra Tˣ, randar U
[1-2] rauðra randa ‘of red shields’: For shields painted red, see Falk (1914b, 128-32) and Note to Sjórs Lv 3/1II. — [1-2, 3] ís rauðra randa; grand hjalms ‘an icicle of red shields [SWORD]; the harm of the helmet [AXE/SWORD]’: Finnur Jónsson takes the first as a kenning for ‘axe’ (Skj B) or ‘sword’ (LP: íss) and the second as a kenning for ‘axe’ (Skj B; LP: grand). Snorri gives both as kennings for ‘sword’ (see Meissner 149), however. Because the second kenning could conceivably denote ‘axe’, that option is left open in the present edn. See also Note to st. 3/4 above.
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íss (noun m.; °íss; dat. ísi/ís; ísar): ice
[1-2, 3] ís rauðra randa; grand hjalms ‘an icicle of red shields [SWORD]; the harm of the helmet [AXE/SWORD]’: Finnur Jónsson takes the first as a kenning for ‘axe’ (Skj B) or ‘sword’ (LP: íss) and the second as a kenning for ‘axe’ (Skj B; LP: grand). Snorri gives both as kennings for ‘sword’ (see Meissner 149), however. Because the second kenning could conceivably denote ‘axe’, that option is left open in the present edn. See also Note to st. 3/4 above.
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3. at (prep.): at, to
[1-2, 3] ís rauðra randa; grand hjalms ‘an icicle of red shields [SWORD]; the harm of the helmet [AXE/SWORD]’: Finnur Jónsson takes the first as a kenning for ‘axe’ (Skj B) or ‘sword’ (LP: íss) and the second as a kenning for ‘axe’ (Skj B; LP: grand). Snorri gives both as kennings for ‘sword’ (see Meissner 149), however. Because the second kenning could conceivably denote ‘axe’, that option is left open in the present edn. See also Note to st. 3/4 above.
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3. bera (verb; °berr; bar, báru; borinn): bear, carry
[3] grand berum: ‘grandbern’ 743ˣ; berum: ‘be[…]’ U
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1. hjalmr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): helmet
[3] hjalms: ‘h[…]ms’ U
[1-2, 3] ís rauðra randa; grand hjalms ‘an icicle of red shields [SWORD]; the harm of the helmet [AXE/SWORD]’: Finnur Jónsson takes the first as a kenning for ‘axe’ (Skj B) or ‘sword’ (LP: íss) and the second as a kenning for ‘axe’ (Skj B; LP: grand). Snorri gives both as kennings for ‘sword’ (see Meissner 149), however. Because the second kenning could conceivably denote ‘axe’, that option is left open in the present edn. See also Note to st. 3/4 above.
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í (prep.): in, into
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hǫnd (noun f.; °handar, dat. hendi; hendr (hendir StatPáll³ 752¹²)): hand
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hvarmr (noun m.; °dat. -i; -ar): eyelid < hvarmþeyr (noun m.)
[4] hvarm‑: ‘hram’ U, hvern A
[8] hvarmþey Freyju ‘with the eyelid-thaw [TEARS] of Freyja <goddess> [GOLD]’: For Freyja weeping tears of gold, see Note to st. 1/1, 4 above.
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hvarmr (noun m.; °dat. -i; -ar): eyelid < hvarmþeyr (noun m.)
[4] hvarm‑: ‘hram’ U, hvern A
[8] hvarmþey Freyju ‘with the eyelid-thaw [TEARS] of Freyja <goddess> [GOLD]’: For Freyja weeping tears of gold, see Note to st. 1/1, 4 above.
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þeyr (noun m.; °; -jar/-ir): breeze, thawing wind < hvarmþeyr (noun m.)
[8] hvarmþey Freyju ‘with the eyelid-thaw [TEARS] of Freyja <goddess> [GOLD]’: For Freyja weeping tears of gold, see Note to st. 1/1, 4 above.
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þeyr (noun m.; °; -jar/-ir): breeze, thawing wind < hvarmþeyr (noun m.)
[8] hvarmþey Freyju ‘with the eyelid-thaw [TEARS] of Freyja <goddess> [GOLD]’: For Freyja weeping tears of gold, see Note to st. 1/1, 4 above.
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2. drífa (verb; °drífr; dreif, drifu; drifinn): drive, rush
[8] hvarmþey Freyju ‘with the eyelid-thaw [TEARS] of Freyja <goddess> [GOLD]’: For Freyja weeping tears of gold, see Note to st. 1/1, 4 above.
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
Íss randa ‘icicle of shields’ and grand hjalms ‘harm of the helmet’ are both given as examples of sword-kennings in Skm and LaufE.
The poet is identified as ‘Einarr’ in all mss, but no patronymic is given for him. Because of the gold-kenning, whose imagery is consistent with that of sts 1-3 (see Introduction above), the attribution to Einarr Skúlason seems likely.
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