ESk Øxfl 3III
Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2017, ‘Einarr Skúlason, Øxarflokkr 3’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 143.
Hróðr ‘glory’
(not checked:)
hróðr (noun m.): encomium, praise < hróðrbarn (noun n.)
kennings
gollvífiðu hróðrbarni Hǫrnar;‘the gold-wrapped glory-child of Hǫrn; we [I] ’
= Hnoss
the gold-wrapped glory-child of Hǫrn; we [I] → Hnoss
notes
[1] hróðrbarni Hǫrnar ‘glory-child of Hǫrn <= Freyja> [= Hnoss (hnoss ‘treasure’)]’: Hnoss is the daughter of the goddess Freyja in Old Norse myth, and hnoss also means ‘treasure’, thus allowing for an ofljóst ‘too transparent’ construction here and in the next helmingr. Cf. SnE 2005, 29: Dóttir þeira heitir Hnoss. Hon er svá fǫgr at af hennar nafni eru hnossir kallaðar þat er fagrt er ok gersemligt ‘Their daughter is called Hnoss. She is so beautiful that what is beautiful and precious is called hnossir [‘treasures’] from her name’.
barni ‘child’
(not checked:)
barn (noun n.; °-s; bǫrn/barn(JKr 345³), dat. bǫrnum/barnum): child < hróðrbarn (noun n.)
kennings
gollvífiðu hróðrbarni Hǫrnar;‘the gold-wrapped glory-child of Hǫrn; we [I] ’
= Hnoss
the gold-wrapped glory-child of Hǫrn; we [I] → Hnoss
notes
[1] hróðrbarni Hǫrnar ‘glory-child of Hǫrn <= Freyja> [= Hnoss (hnoss ‘treasure’)]’: Hnoss is the daughter of the goddess Freyja in Old Norse myth, and hnoss also means ‘treasure’, thus allowing for an ofljóst ‘too transparent’ construction here and in the next helmingr. Cf. SnE 2005, 29: Dóttir þeira heitir Hnoss. Hon er svá fǫgr at af hennar nafni eru hnossir kallaðar þat er fagrt er ok gersemligt ‘Their daughter is called Hnoss. She is so beautiful that what is beautiful and precious is called hnossir [‘treasures’] from her name’.
knák ‘’
(not checked:)
knega (verb): to know, understand, be able to
Hǫrnar ‘of Hǫrn’
(not checked:)
2. Hǫrn (noun f.): [Hörn, Hǫrn]
kennings
gollvífiðu hróðrbarni Hǫrnar;‘the gold-wrapped glory-child of Hǫrn; we [I] ’
= Hnoss
the gold-wrapped glory-child of Hǫrn; we [I] → Hnoss
notes
[1] hróðrbarni Hǫrnar ‘glory-child of Hǫrn <= Freyja> [= Hnoss (hnoss ‘treasure’)]’: Hnoss is the daughter of the goddess Freyja in Old Norse myth, and hnoss also means ‘treasure’, thus allowing for an ofljóst ‘too transparent’ construction here and in the next helmingr. Cf. SnE 2005, 29: Dóttir þeira heitir Hnoss. Hon er svá fǫgr at af hennar nafni eru hnossir kallaðar þat er fagrt er ok gersemligt ‘Their daughter is called Hnoss. She is so beautiful that what is beautiful and precious is called hnossir [‘treasures’] from her name’.
hlutum ‘received’
(not checked:)
hljóta (verb): alot, gain
dýran ‘a precious’
(not checked:)
dýrr (adj.; °compar. -ri/-ari, superl. -str/-astr): precious
grip ‘treasure’
(not checked:)
gripr (noun m.): treasure
stýra ‘I possess’
(not checked:)
stýra (verb): steer, control
brandr ‘fire’
(not checked:)
brandr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): sword, prow; fire
kennings
brandr gjalfrs‘fire of the surge ’
= GOLD
fire of the surge → GOLD
gjalfrs ‘of the surge’
(not checked:)
gjalfr (noun n.; °-s): surge, waves
[3] gjalfrs: so Tˣ, gjalfr R, gjalfs W
kennings
brandr gjalfrs‘fire of the surge ’
= GOLD
fire of the surge → GOLD
á ‘on’
(not checked:)
3. á (prep.): on, at
grandi ‘the harm’
(not checked:)
grand (noun n.): injury
kennings
grandi hlífar.‘the harm of the shield. ’
= AXE/SWORD
the harm of the shield. → AXE/SWORD
goll ‘the gold’
(not checked:)
gull (noun n.): gold < gullvífiðr (adj.)
kennings
gollvífiðu hróðrbarni Hǫrnar;‘the gold-wrapped glory-child of Hǫrn; we [I] ’
= Hnoss
the gold-wrapped glory-child of Hǫrn; we [I] → Hnoss
kennings
gollvífiðu hróðrbarni Hǫrnar;‘the gold-wrapped glory-child of Hǫrn; we [I] ’
= Hnoss
the gold-wrapped glory-child of Hǫrn; we [I] → Hnoss
hlífar ‘of the shield’
(not checked:)
hlíf (noun f.; °-ar; -ar): shield, defence
[4] hlífar: so Tˣ, hlíðar R, W
kennings
grandi hlífar.‘the harm of the shield. ’
= AXE/SWORD
the harm of the shield. → AXE/SWORD
notes
[4] hlífar ‘of the shield’: So Tˣ. The R, W variant hlíðar ‘of the slope’ makes no sense in the context and leaves the line without internal rhyme. The kenning grand hlífar ‘the harm of the shield’ (ll. 3, 4) could refer either to an axe or to a sword. See also Note to st. 9/1-2, 3, 4.
Sáðs ‘seed’
(not checked:)
2. sáð (noun n.; °-s; -): seed
kennings
sáðs Fróða;‘Fróði’s seed; ’
= GOLD
Fróði’s seed; → GOLD
notes
[5, 6, 7] sáðs Fróða; fóstrgœðandi svans gunnar ‘Fróði’s <legendary king’s> seed [GOLD]; the provisions-increaser of the swan of battle [RAVEN/EAGLE > WARRIOR]’: The first kenning refers to the story told in Grottasǫngr (Grott, SnE 1998, I, 51-8) about two giantesses, Fenja and Menja, who grind gold under duress for the legendary king Fróði of Denmark (see NN §956). Sáð ‘seed’ must be a variation of ‘flour’ or ‘grain’ here. See also Note to Anon Bjark 4/3. Skj B construes the kennings as Fróða fóstr-sáð ‘Fróði’s fosterling-seed’ (i.e. ‘Fenja and Menja’s seed’, with tmesis) and gœðandi svans gunnar ‘feeder of the swan of battle’ (so also SnE 1998, I, 44, II, 278, 298). That interpretation is less preferable because it creates an awkward tripartite odd line of Type D.
berr ‘bears’
(not checked:)
3. bera (verb; °berr; bar, báru; borinn): bear, carry
sínar ‘of her’
(not checked:)
3. sinn (pron.; °f. sín, n. sitt): (refl. poss. pron.)
kennings
driptir bráa móður sínar.‘the rain of eyelashes of her mother. ’
= GOLD
the rain of eyelashes of her mother. → GOLD
móður ‘mother’
(not checked:)
móðir (noun f.): mother
kennings
driptir bráa móður sínar.‘the rain of eyelashes of her mother. ’
= GOLD
the rain of eyelashes of her mother. → GOLD
svans ‘of the swan’
(not checked:)
svanr (noun m.; °-s; -ir): swan
kennings
Fóstrgœðandi svans gunnar‘The provisions-increaser of the swan of battle ’
= WARRIOR
the swan of battle → RAVEN/EAGLE
The provisions-increaser of the RAVEN/EAGLE → WARRIOR
notes
[5, 6, 7] sáðs Fróða; fóstrgœðandi svans gunnar ‘Fróði’s <legendary king’s> seed [GOLD]; the provisions-increaser of the swan of battle [RAVEN/EAGLE > WARRIOR]’: The first kenning refers to the story told in Grottasǫngr (Grott, SnE 1998, I, 51-8) about two giantesses, Fenja and Menja, who grind gold under duress for the legendary king Fróði of Denmark (see NN §956). Sáð ‘seed’ must be a variation of ‘flour’ or ‘grain’ here. See also Note to Anon Bjark 4/3. Skj B construes the kennings as Fróða fóstr-sáð ‘Fróði’s fosterling-seed’ (i.e. ‘Fenja and Menja’s seed’, with tmesis) and gœðandi svans gunnar ‘feeder of the swan of battle’ (so also SnE 1998, I, 44, II, 278, 298). That interpretation is less preferable because it creates an awkward tripartite odd line of Type D.
svans ‘of the swan’
(not checked:)
svanr (noun m.; °-s; -ir): swan
kennings
Fóstrgœðandi svans gunnar‘The provisions-increaser of the swan of battle ’
= WARRIOR
the swan of battle → RAVEN/EAGLE
The provisions-increaser of the RAVEN/EAGLE → WARRIOR
notes
[5, 6, 7] sáðs Fróða; fóstrgœðandi svans gunnar ‘Fróði’s <legendary king’s> seed [GOLD]; the provisions-increaser of the swan of battle [RAVEN/EAGLE > WARRIOR]’: The first kenning refers to the story told in Grottasǫngr (Grott, SnE 1998, I, 51-8) about two giantesses, Fenja and Menja, who grind gold under duress for the legendary king Fróði of Denmark (see NN §956). Sáð ‘seed’ must be a variation of ‘flour’ or ‘grain’ here. See also Note to Anon Bjark 4/3. Skj B construes the kennings as Fróða fóstr-sáð ‘Fróði’s fosterling-seed’ (i.e. ‘Fenja and Menja’s seed’, with tmesis) and gœðandi svans gunnar ‘feeder of the swan of battle’ (so also SnE 1998, I, 44, II, 278, 298). That interpretation is less preferable because it creates an awkward tripartite odd line of Type D.
unni ‘gave’
(not checked:)
1. unna (verb): love
mér ‘me’
(not checked:)
ek (pron.; °mín, dat. mér, acc. mik): I, me
gunnar ‘of battle’
(not checked:)
gunnr (noun f.): battle
kennings
Fóstrgœðandi svans gunnar‘The provisions-increaser of the swan of battle ’
= WARRIOR
the swan of battle → RAVEN/EAGLE
The provisions-increaser of the RAVEN/EAGLE → WARRIOR
notes
[5, 6, 7] sáðs Fróða; fóstrgœðandi svans gunnar ‘Fróði’s <legendary king’s> seed [GOLD]; the provisions-increaser of the swan of battle [RAVEN/EAGLE > WARRIOR]’: The first kenning refers to the story told in Grottasǫngr (Grott, SnE 1998, I, 51-8) about two giantesses, Fenja and Menja, who grind gold under duress for the legendary king Fróði of Denmark (see NN §956). Sáð ‘seed’ must be a variation of ‘flour’ or ‘grain’ here. See also Note to Anon Bjark 4/3. Skj B construes the kennings as Fróða fóstr-sáð ‘Fróði’s fosterling-seed’ (i.e. ‘Fenja and Menja’s seed’, with tmesis) and gœðandi svans gunnar ‘feeder of the swan of battle’ (so also SnE 1998, I, 44, II, 278, 298). That interpretation is less preferable because it creates an awkward tripartite odd line of Type D.
gunnar ‘of battle’
(not checked:)
gunnr (noun f.): battle
kennings
Fóstrgœðandi svans gunnar‘The provisions-increaser of the swan of battle ’
= WARRIOR
the swan of battle → RAVEN/EAGLE
The provisions-increaser of the RAVEN/EAGLE → WARRIOR
notes
[5, 6, 7] sáðs Fróða; fóstrgœðandi svans gunnar ‘Fróði’s <legendary king’s> seed [GOLD]; the provisions-increaser of the swan of battle [RAVEN/EAGLE > WARRIOR]’: The first kenning refers to the story told in Grottasǫngr (Grott, SnE 1998, I, 51-8) about two giantesses, Fenja and Menja, who grind gold under duress for the legendary king Fróði of Denmark (see NN §956). Sáð ‘seed’ must be a variation of ‘flour’ or ‘grain’ here. See also Note to Anon Bjark 4/3. Skj B construes the kennings as Fróða fóstr-sáð ‘Fróði’s fosterling-seed’ (i.e. ‘Fenja and Menja’s seed’, with tmesis) and gœðandi svans gunnar ‘feeder of the swan of battle’ (so also SnE 1998, I, 44, II, 278, 298). That interpretation is less preferable because it creates an awkward tripartite odd line of Type D.
fóstr ‘The provisions’
(not checked:)
fóstr (noun n.): foster- < fóstrgœðandi (noun m.)
kennings
Fóstrgœðandi svans gunnar‘The provisions-increaser of the swan of battle ’
= WARRIOR
the swan of battle → RAVEN/EAGLE
The provisions-increaser of the RAVEN/EAGLE → WARRIOR
notes
[5, 6, 7] sáðs Fróða; fóstrgœðandi svans gunnar ‘Fróði’s <legendary king’s> seed [GOLD]; the provisions-increaser of the swan of battle [RAVEN/EAGLE > WARRIOR]’: The first kenning refers to the story told in Grottasǫngr (Grott, SnE 1998, I, 51-8) about two giantesses, Fenja and Menja, who grind gold under duress for the legendary king Fróði of Denmark (see NN §956). Sáð ‘seed’ must be a variation of ‘flour’ or ‘grain’ here. See also Note to Anon Bjark 4/3. Skj B construes the kennings as Fróða fóstr-sáð ‘Fróði’s fosterling-seed’ (i.e. ‘Fenja and Menja’s seed’, with tmesis) and gœðandi svans gunnar ‘feeder of the swan of battle’ (so also SnE 1998, I, 44, II, 278, 298). That interpretation is less preferable because it creates an awkward tripartite odd line of Type D.
gœðandi ‘increaser’
(not checked:)
gœðandi (noun m.): [feeders, increaser] < fóstrgœðandi (noun m.)
kennings
Fóstrgœðandi svans gunnar‘The provisions-increaser of the swan of battle ’
= WARRIOR
the swan of battle → RAVEN/EAGLE
The provisions-increaser of the RAVEN/EAGLE → WARRIOR
notes
[5, 6, 7] sáðs Fróða; fóstrgœðandi svans gunnar ‘Fróði’s <legendary king’s> seed [GOLD]; the provisions-increaser of the swan of battle [RAVEN/EAGLE > WARRIOR]’: The first kenning refers to the story told in Grottasǫngr (Grott, SnE 1998, I, 51-8) about two giantesses, Fenja and Menja, who grind gold under duress for the legendary king Fróði of Denmark (see NN §956). Sáð ‘seed’ must be a variation of ‘flour’ or ‘grain’ here. See also Note to Anon Bjark 4/3. Skj B construes the kennings as Fróða fóstr-sáð ‘Fróði’s fosterling-seed’ (i.e. ‘Fenja and Menja’s seed’, with tmesis) and gœðandi svans gunnar ‘feeder of the swan of battle’ (so also SnE 1998, I, 44, II, 278, 298). That interpretation is less preferable because it creates an awkward tripartite odd line of Type D.
kennings
sáðs Fróða;‘Fróði’s seed; ’
= GOLD
Fróði’s seed; → GOLD
notes
[5, 6, 7] sáðs Fróða; fóstrgœðandi svans gunnar ‘Fróði’s <legendary king’s> seed [GOLD]; the provisions-increaser of the swan of battle [RAVEN/EAGLE > WARRIOR]’: The first kenning refers to the story told in Grottasǫngr (Grott, SnE 1998, I, 51-8) about two giantesses, Fenja and Menja, who grind gold under duress for the legendary king Fróði of Denmark (see NN §956). Sáð ‘seed’ must be a variation of ‘flour’ or ‘grain’ here. See also Note to Anon Bjark 4/3. Skj B construes the kennings as Fróða fóstr-sáð ‘Fróði’s fosterling-seed’ (i.e. ‘Fenja and Menja’s seed’, with tmesis) and gœðandi svans gunnar ‘feeder of the swan of battle’ (so also SnE 1998, I, 44, II, 278, 298). That interpretation is less preferable because it creates an awkward tripartite odd line of Type D.
Freys ‘Freyr’s’
(not checked:)
Freyr (noun m.): (a god)
[8] Freys nipt bráa driptir: ‘Brꜳ dripter freys niptar’ 2368ˣ, ‘Bra̋dripter freys niptar’ 743ˣ
kennings
nipt Freys‘Freyr’s niece ’
= Hnoss
Freyr’s niece → Hnoss
notes
[8] nipt Freys ‘Freyr’s <god’s> niece [= Hnoss (hnoss ‘treasure’)]’: See Note to l. 1 above. Nipt means ‘female relative, sister, daughter, woman’ and Freyr was Freyja’s brother, hence ‘niece’ here. As it stands in LaufE, this line can be construed as brádriptir niptar Freys ‘the eyelash-rains of the sister of Freyr’, i.e. as another kenning for ‘gold’.
nipt ‘niece’
(not checked:)
nift (noun f.): kinswoman
[8] Freys nipt bráa driptir: ‘Brꜳ dripter freys niptar’ 2368ˣ, ‘Bra̋dripter freys niptar’ 743ˣ
kennings
nipt Freys‘Freyr’s niece ’
= Hnoss
Freyr’s niece → Hnoss
notes
[8] nipt Freys ‘Freyr’s <god’s> niece [= Hnoss (hnoss ‘treasure’)]’: See Note to l. 1 above. Nipt means ‘female relative, sister, daughter, woman’ and Freyr was Freyja’s brother, hence ‘niece’ here. As it stands in LaufE, this line can be construed as brádriptir niptar Freys ‘the eyelash-rains of the sister of Freyr’, i.e. as another kenning for ‘gold’.
bráa ‘of eyelashes’
(not checked:)
1. brá (noun f.; °brár; brár): eyelash, eyebrow
[8] Freys nipt bráa driptir: ‘Brꜳ dripter freys niptar’ 2368ˣ, ‘Bra̋dripter freys niptar’ 743ˣ
kennings
driptir bráa móður sínar.‘the rain of eyelashes of her mother. ’
= GOLD
the rain of eyelashes of her mother. → GOLD
bráa ‘of eyelashes’
(not checked:)
1. brá (noun f.; °brár; brár): eyelash, eyebrow
[8] Freys nipt bráa driptir: ‘Brꜳ dripter freys niptar’ 2368ˣ, ‘Bra̋dripter freys niptar’ 743ˣ
kennings
driptir bráa móður sínar.‘the rain of eyelashes of her mother. ’
= GOLD
the rain of eyelashes of her mother. → GOLD
driptir ‘the rain’
(not checked:)
drift (noun f.; °; dat. -um): snowdrift
[8] Freys nipt bráa driptir: ‘Brꜳ dripter freys niptar’ 2368ˣ, ‘Bra̋dripter freys niptar’ 743ˣ
kennings
driptir bráa móður sínar.‘the rain of eyelashes of her mother. ’
= GOLD
the rain of eyelashes of her mother. → GOLD
driptir ‘the rain’
(not checked:)
drift (noun f.; °; dat. -um): snowdrift
[8] Freys nipt bráa driptir: ‘Brꜳ dripter freys niptar’ 2368ˣ, ‘Bra̋dripter freys niptar’ 743ˣ
kennings
driptir bráa móður sínar.‘the rain of eyelashes of her mother. ’
= GOLD
the rain of eyelashes of her mother. → GOLD
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
|
Hróðrbarni knák Hǫrnar |
I possess the gold-wrapped glory-child of Hǫrn <= Freyja> [= Hnoss (hnoss ‘treasure’)]; we [I] received a precious treasure; fire of the surge [GOLD] rests on the harm of the shield [AXE/SWORD]. The provisions-increaser of the swan of battle [RAVEN/EAGLE > WARRIOR] gave me Fróði’s <legendary king’s> seed [GOLD]; Freyr’s <god’s> niece [= Hnoss (hnoss ‘treasure’)] bears the rain of eyelashes [TEARS] of her mother <= Freyja> [GOLD].
The stanza is given in Skm after st. 2 above to illustrate that the goddess Freyja could be referred to as móðir Hnossar ‘the mother of Hnoss’. In LaufE l. 8 is found in a section with kennings for ‘gold’, where Freyja’s tears are ‘gold’ (see Note to l. 8 below).
In Skm the stanza is separated from st. 2 by Ok enn svá ‘And again thus’, and in LaufE l. 8 is attributed to Einarr Skúlason. — [5-8]: For Freyja weeping tears of gold, see Note to st. 1/1-4 above.
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