ESk Hardr II 3II
Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Einarr Skúlason, Haraldsdrápa II 3’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 546-7.
Alls ‘of the entire’
(not checked:)
allr (adj.): all
varð ‘became’
(not checked:)
1. verða (verb): become, be
Ellu ‘of Ælle’s’
(not checked:)
Ella (noun m.): Ella, Ælla, Ælle
kennings
Ungr, lofaðr lífgjafi geitunga Ellu‘The young, lauded life-giver of Ælle’s birds ’
= WARRIOR
Ælle’s birds → EAGLES
The young, lauded life-giver of EAGLES → WARRIOR
notes
[1, 2] geitunga Ellu ‘of Ælle’s <Northumbrian king’s> birds [EAGLES]’: See also ÞjóðA Magnfl 6/6. Ælle (Ella) was king of Northumbria (d. 867). He was captured by the sons of Ragnarr loðbrók ‘Shaggy-breeches’, whom Ælle had killed. To avenge their father, they are said to have tortured him to death by carving an eagle on his back, cutting the ribs from the spine and pulling the lungs out through the wound (see Hb 1892-6, 464). For this type of torture, see Frank 1984a. In skaldic poetry, Ælle came to be used as a virtual shorthand for ‘English king’ (see ÞjóðA Magnfl 6/6; Townend 1997), and if the name is used in this generic sense here, his ‘birds’ would be a kenning for ‘birds of battle’ in general.
Ellu ‘of Ælle’s’
(not checked:)
Ella (noun m.): Ella, Ælla, Ælle
kennings
Ungr, lofaðr lífgjafi geitunga Ellu‘The young, lauded life-giver of Ælle’s birds ’
= WARRIOR
Ælle’s birds → EAGLES
The young, lauded life-giver of EAGLES → WARRIOR
notes
[1, 2] geitunga Ellu ‘of Ælle’s <Northumbrian king’s> birds [EAGLES]’: See also ÞjóðA Magnfl 6/6. Ælle (Ella) was king of Northumbria (d. 867). He was captured by the sons of Ragnarr loðbrók ‘Shaggy-breeches’, whom Ælle had killed. To avenge their father, they are said to have tortured him to death by carving an eagle on his back, cutting the ribs from the spine and pulling the lungs out through the wound (see Hb 1892-6, 464). For this type of torture, see Frank 1984a. In skaldic poetry, Ælle came to be used as a virtual shorthand for ‘English king’ (see ÞjóðA Magnfl 6/6; Townend 1997), and if the name is used in this generic sense here, his ‘birds’ would be a kenning for ‘birds of battle’ in general.
ungr ‘The young’
(not checked:)
ungr (adj.): young
kennings
Ungr, lofaðr lífgjafi geitunga Ellu‘The young, lauded life-giver of Ælle’s birds ’
= WARRIOR
Ælle’s birds → EAGLES
The young, lauded life-giver of EAGLES → WARRIOR
geitunga ‘birds’
(not checked:)
geitungr (noun m.): wasp, bird
kennings
Ungr, lofaðr lífgjafi geitunga Ellu‘The young, lauded life-giver of Ælle’s birds ’
= WARRIOR
Ælle’s birds → EAGLES
The young, lauded life-giver of EAGLES → WARRIOR
notes
[1, 2] geitunga Ellu ‘of Ælle’s <Northumbrian king’s> birds [EAGLES]’: See also ÞjóðA Magnfl 6/6. Ælle (Ella) was king of Northumbria (d. 867). He was captured by the sons of Ragnarr loðbrók ‘Shaggy-breeches’, whom Ælle had killed. To avenge their father, they are said to have tortured him to death by carving an eagle on his back, cutting the ribs from the spine and pulling the lungs out through the wound (see Hb 1892-6, 464). For this type of torture, see Frank 1984a. In skaldic poetry, Ælle came to be used as a virtual shorthand for ‘English king’ (see ÞjóðA Magnfl 6/6; Townend 1997), and if the name is used in this generic sense here, his ‘birds’ would be a kenning for ‘birds of battle’ in general. — [2] geitunga ‘birds’: Given as a heiti for ‘bird’ in Þul Fugla 1/5III. In ModIcel. geitungur means ‘wasp’ (cf. Dan. dialects geding ‘wasp’). The word is formed from ON geit ‘goat’, most likely because the feelers of a wasp looked like horns, and the term then came to be understood as denoting some type of bird (see AEW: geitungr; LP: geitungr).
geitunga ‘birds’
(not checked:)
geitungr (noun m.): wasp, bird
kennings
Ungr, lofaðr lífgjafi geitunga Ellu‘The young, lauded life-giver of Ælle’s birds ’
= WARRIOR
Ælle’s birds → EAGLES
The young, lauded life-giver of EAGLES → WARRIOR
notes
[1, 2] geitunga Ellu ‘of Ælle’s <Northumbrian king’s> birds [EAGLES]’: See also ÞjóðA Magnfl 6/6. Ælle (Ella) was king of Northumbria (d. 867). He was captured by the sons of Ragnarr loðbrók ‘Shaggy-breeches’, whom Ælle had killed. To avenge their father, they are said to have tortured him to death by carving an eagle on his back, cutting the ribs from the spine and pulling the lungs out through the wound (see Hb 1892-6, 464). For this type of torture, see Frank 1984a. In skaldic poetry, Ælle came to be used as a virtual shorthand for ‘English king’ (see ÞjóðA Magnfl 6/6; Townend 1997), and if the name is used in this generic sense here, his ‘birds’ would be a kenning for ‘birds of battle’ in general. — [2] geitunga ‘birds’: Given as a heiti for ‘bird’ in Þul Fugla 1/5III. In ModIcel. geitungur means ‘wasp’ (cf. Dan. dialects geding ‘wasp’). The word is formed from ON geit ‘goat’, most likely because the feelers of a wasp looked like horns, and the term then came to be understood as denoting some type of bird (see AEW: geitungr; LP: geitungr).
geitunga ‘birds’
(not checked:)
geitungr (noun m.): wasp, bird
kennings
Ungr, lofaðr lífgjafi geitunga Ellu‘The young, lauded life-giver of Ælle’s birds ’
= WARRIOR
Ælle’s birds → EAGLES
The young, lauded life-giver of EAGLES → WARRIOR
notes
[1, 2] geitunga Ellu ‘of Ælle’s <Northumbrian king’s> birds [EAGLES]’: See also ÞjóðA Magnfl 6/6. Ælle (Ella) was king of Northumbria (d. 867). He was captured by the sons of Ragnarr loðbrók ‘Shaggy-breeches’, whom Ælle had killed. To avenge their father, they are said to have tortured him to death by carving an eagle on his back, cutting the ribs from the spine and pulling the lungs out through the wound (see Hb 1892-6, 464). For this type of torture, see Frank 1984a. In skaldic poetry, Ælle came to be used as a virtual shorthand for ‘English king’ (see ÞjóðA Magnfl 6/6; Townend 1997), and if the name is used in this generic sense here, his ‘birds’ would be a kenning for ‘birds of battle’ in general. — [2] geitunga ‘birds’: Given as a heiti for ‘bird’ in Þul Fugla 1/5III. In ModIcel. geitungur means ‘wasp’ (cf. Dan. dialects geding ‘wasp’). The word is formed from ON geit ‘goat’, most likely because the feelers of a wasp looked like horns, and the term then came to be understood as denoting some type of bird (see AEW: geitungr; LP: geitungr).
geitunga ‘birds’
(not checked:)
geitungr (noun m.): wasp, bird
kennings
Ungr, lofaðr lífgjafi geitunga Ellu‘The young, lauded life-giver of Ælle’s birds ’
= WARRIOR
Ælle’s birds → EAGLES
The young, lauded life-giver of EAGLES → WARRIOR
notes
[1, 2] geitunga Ellu ‘of Ælle’s <Northumbrian king’s> birds [EAGLES]’: See also ÞjóðA Magnfl 6/6. Ælle (Ella) was king of Northumbria (d. 867). He was captured by the sons of Ragnarr loðbrók ‘Shaggy-breeches’, whom Ælle had killed. To avenge their father, they are said to have tortured him to death by carving an eagle on his back, cutting the ribs from the spine and pulling the lungs out through the wound (see Hb 1892-6, 464). For this type of torture, see Frank 1984a. In skaldic poetry, Ælle came to be used as a virtual shorthand for ‘English king’ (see ÞjóðA Magnfl 6/6; Townend 1997), and if the name is used in this generic sense here, his ‘birds’ would be a kenning for ‘birds of battle’ in general. — [2] geitunga ‘birds’: Given as a heiti for ‘bird’ in Þul Fugla 1/5III. In ModIcel. geitungur means ‘wasp’ (cf. Dan. dialects geding ‘wasp’). The word is formed from ON geit ‘goat’, most likely because the feelers of a wasp looked like horns, and the term then came to be understood as denoting some type of bird (see AEW: geitungr; LP: geitungr).
lofaðr ‘lauded’
(not checked:)
lofaðr (adj.): praised
kennings
Ungr, lofaðr lífgjafi geitunga Ellu‘The young, lauded life-giver of Ælle’s birds ’
= WARRIOR
Ælle’s birds → EAGLES
The young, lauded life-giver of EAGLES → WARRIOR
lífgjafi ‘life-giver’
(not checked:)
lífgjafi (noun m.): life-giver
kennings
Ungr, lofaðr lífgjafi geitunga Ellu‘The young, lauded life-giver of Ælle’s birds ’
= WARRIOR
Ælle’s birds → EAGLES
The young, lauded life-giver of EAGLES → WARRIOR
lands ‘country’
(not checked:)
land (noun n.; °-s; *-): land
ráðandi ‘the ruler’
(not checked:)
ráðandi (noun m.; °-a; ráðendr): ruler
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
The helmingr documents Haraldr becoming the sole ruler of Norway (1135).
Stanza/chapter/text segment
Use the buttons at the top of the page to navigate between stanzas in a poem.
Information tab
- text: if the stanza has been published, the edited text of the stanza and translation are here; if it hasn't been published an old edition (usually Skj) is given for reference
- sources: a list of the manuscripts or inscriptions containing this stanza, with page and line references and links (eye button) to images where available, and transcription where available
- readings: a list of variant manuscript readings of words in the main text
- editions and texts: a list of editions of the stanza with links to the bibliography; and a list of prose works in which the stanza occurs, allowing you to navigate within the prose context
- notes and context: notes not linked to individual words are given here, along with the account of the prose context for the stanza, where relevant
Interactive tab
The text and translation are given here, with buttons to toggle whether the text is shown in the verse order or prose word order. Clicking on indiviudal words gives dictionary links, variant readings, kennings and notes, where relevant.
Full text tab
This is the text of the edition in a similar format to how the edition appears in the printed volumes.
Chapter/text segment
This view is also used for chapters and other text segments. Not all the headings shown are relevant to such sections.