ESk Geisl 55VII
Martin Chase (ed.) 2007, ‘Einarr Skúlason, Geisli 55’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 51-2.
Þá ‘Then’
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2. þá (adv.): then
es ‘when’
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2. er (conj.): who, which, when
rauk ‘///’
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rjúka (verb): smoke, reek
reyk ‘smoke’
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reykr (noun m.; °-s/-jar, dat. -i/-; -ir): smoke
[1] reyk: so Bb, rauk Flat
af ‘’
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af (prep.): from
ríki ‘mightily’
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ríki (noun n.; °-s; -): kingdom, power
regn ‘the rain’
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regn (noun n.; °-s; -): rain
kennings
regn stáls‘the rain of steel ’
= BATTLE
the rain of steel → BATTLE
dreif ‘drove’
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2. drífa (verb; °drífr; dreif, drifu; drifinn): drive, rush
stáls ‘of steel’
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1. stál (noun n.; °-s; -): steel, weapon, prow
[2] stáls: so Bb, stál Flat
kennings
regn stáls‘the rain of steel ’
= BATTLE
the rain of steel → BATTLE
á ‘’
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3. á (prep.): on, at
þegna ‘///’
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þegn (noun m.; °dat. -/-i; -ar): thane, man, franklin
hjalm ‘to the helmet’
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1. hjalmr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): helmet < hjalmnjǫrðungr (noun m.)
kennings
hjalm-Njǫrðungum,‘to the helmet-Nirðir ’
= WARRIORS
to the helmet-Nirðir → WARRIORS
notes
[3] hjalm-Njǫrðungum (dat. pl.) ‘helmet-Nirðir’: Pl. Njǫrðungar, derived from the name of the god Njǫrðr, is used in skaldic poetry (only as the second element of cpd nouns) as a base-word in kennings for men. According to Snorri Sturluson, Njǫrðr controls wind and fire (SnE 1982, 23), and Einarr may have used his name in this hap. leg. kenning to emphasize the imagery of smoke and storm.
Njǫrðungum ‘Nirðir’
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Njǫrðungr (noun m.; °; -ar): one of the Nirðir, Njǫrðungar < hjalmnjǫrðungr (noun m.)
[3] ‑Njǫrðungum: ‘niord vnar’ Bb
kennings
hjalm-Njǫrðungum,‘to the helmet-Nirðir ’
= WARRIORS
to the helmet-Nirðir → WARRIORS
notes
[3] hjalm-Njǫrðungum (dat. pl.) ‘helmet-Nirðir’: Pl. Njǫrðungar, derived from the name of the god Njǫrðr, is used in skaldic poetry (only as the second element of cpd nouns) as a base-word in kennings for men. According to Snorri Sturluson, Njǫrðr controls wind and fire (SnE 1982, 23), and Einarr may have used his name in this hap. leg. kenning to emphasize the imagery of smoke and storm.
harða ‘hard’
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harðr (adj.; °comp. -ari; superl. -astr): hard, harsh
harðan ‘hard’
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harðr (adj.; °comp. -ari; superl. -astr): hard, harsh
[3] harðan: so Bb, harða Flat
heiðingja ‘of heathens’
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1. heiðingi (noun m.; °-ja; -jar): heathen
lið ‘The host’
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lið (noun n.; °-s; -): retinue, troop
gingi ‘they were going’
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2. ganga (verb; geng, gekk, gengu, genginn): walk, go
Halft ‘a half’
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halfr (adj.): half
notes
[5, 6] halft fimta hundrað ‘four and a half hundreds’: Lit. ‘half of the fifth hundred’; i.e. four ‘hundreds’ and half of another. In the Norse system of reckoning, a hundrað was 120, so the reference is to 540 men.
fimta ‘Four and’
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fimmti (num. ordinal): fifth
notes
[5, 6] halft fimta hundrað ‘four and a half hundreds’: Lit. ‘half of the fifth hundred’; i.e. four ‘hundreds’ and half of another. In the Norse system of reckoning, a hundrað was 120, so the reference is to 540 men.
vann ‘laid’
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2. vinna (verb): perform, work
heimtan ‘claim’
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4. heima (verb): claim
hundrað ‘hundreds’
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hundrað (noun n.; °-s; hundruð/-): hundred
notes
[5, 6] halft fimta hundrað ‘four and a half hundreds’: Lit. ‘half of the fifth hundred’; i.e. four ‘hundreds’ and half of another. In the Norse system of reckoning, a hundrað was 120, so the reference is to 540 men.
brimirs ‘’
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Brimir (noun m.): Brimir
brimils ‘///’
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brimill (noun m.; °brimils)
kennings
val sunda brimi*s.‘the falcon of the bays of the sword.’
= RAVEN
the bays of the sword. → BLOOD
the falcon of the BLOOD → RAVEN
kennings
val sunda brimi*s.‘the falcon of the bays of the sword.’
= RAVEN
the bays of the sword. → BLOOD
the falcon of the BLOOD → RAVEN
sunda ‘of the bays’
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sund (noun n.; °-s; -): sound, strait; swimming
kennings
val sunda brimi*s.‘the falcon of the bays of the sword.’
= RAVEN
the bays of the sword. → BLOOD
the falcon of the BLOOD → RAVEN
sunda ‘of the bays’
(not checked:)
sund (noun n.; °-s; -): sound, strait; swimming
kennings
val sunda brimi*s.‘the falcon of the bays of the sword.’
= RAVEN
the bays of the sword. → BLOOD
the falcon of the BLOOD → RAVEN
nýztan ‘to very useful’
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nýtr (adj.; °compar. -ri, superl. nýztr/nýtastr): useful, able
tír ‘honour’
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tírr (noun m.; °-s): glory, honour
nærri ‘’
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næra (verb)
Norðmanna ‘of Norwegians’
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Norðmaðr (noun m.): Norwegian
val ‘the falcon’
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2. valr (noun m.; °-s): falcon
kennings
val sunda brimi*s.‘the falcon of the bays of the sword.’
= RAVEN
the bays of the sword. → BLOOD
the falcon of the BLOOD → RAVEN
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
[1-4]: The syntax is awkward, whichever ms. is adopted as base. Here Flat’s l. 1 has been deemed syntactically impossible, and Bb has been followed for ll. 1-4.
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