ESk Geisl 49VII
Martin Chase (ed.) 2007, ‘Einarr Skúlason, Geisli 49’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 47.
Þríar ‘for three’
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þrír (num. cardinal): three
grímur ‘nights’
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gríma (noun f.; °-u): night, darkness; mask
[1] grímur: so Bb, ‘grimar’ Flat
vann ‘gave’
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2. vinna (verb): perform, work
þeima ‘to that’
kennings
þeima Reifnis rauknstefnanda‘to that ox-driver of Reifnir’
= SEAFARER
the ox of Reifnir → SHIP
to that driver of the SHIP → SEAFARER
þjóð ‘very’
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þjóð (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -/-u; -ir): people < þjóðnýtr (adj.): [very able]
kennings
Ríkr, þjóðnýtr bróðir Haralds‘The powerful, very bountiful brother of Haraldr ’
= Óláfr
The powerful, very bountiful brother of Haraldr → Óláfr
nýtr ‘bountiful’
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nýtr (adj.; °compar. -ri, superl. nýztr/nýtastr): useful, able < þjóðnýtr (adj.): [very able]
kennings
Ríkr, þjóðnýtr bróðir Haralds‘The powerful, very bountiful brother of Haraldr ’
= Óláfr
The powerful, very bountiful brother of Haraldr → Óláfr
Haralds ‘of Haraldr’
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Haraldr (noun m.): Haraldr
kennings
Ríkr, þjóðnýtr bróðir Haralds‘The powerful, very bountiful brother of Haraldr ’
= Óláfr
The powerful, very bountiful brother of Haraldr → Óláfr
notes
[2] bróðir Haralds ‘brother of Haraldr’: The sense of the helmingr makes it clear that bróðir is the subject of the sentence, and the nom. form of the word in Bb must be the correct reading. The epithet for Óláfr refers to his half-brother Haraldr Sigurðarson (Haraldr harðráði ‘the Hard-ruler’), the son of Óláfr’s mother and step-father, Sigurðr sýr ‘Sow’. Haraldr fought alongside Óláfr at Stiklestad, and was sole king in Norway after Magnús the Good (1047-66). He died in the battle of Stamford Bridge.
bróðir ‘brother’
[2] bróðir: so Bb, bróður Flat
kennings
Ríkr, þjóðnýtr bróðir Haralds‘The powerful, very bountiful brother of Haraldr ’
= Óláfr
The powerful, very bountiful brother of Haraldr → Óláfr
notes
[2] bróðir Haralds ‘brother of Haraldr’: The sense of the helmingr makes it clear that bróðir is the subject of the sentence, and the nom. form of the word in Bb must be the correct reading. The epithet for Óláfr refers to his half-brother Haraldr Sigurðarson (Haraldr harðráði ‘the Hard-ruler’), the son of Óláfr’s mother and step-father, Sigurðr sýr ‘Sow’. Haraldr fought alongside Óláfr at Stiklestad, and was sole king in Norway after Magnús the Good (1047-66). He died in the battle of Stamford Bridge.
raukn ‘of the ox’
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2. raukn (noun n.): draught animal < rauknstefnandi (noun m.)
[3] raukn‑: so Bb, ‘rauck’ Flat
kennings
þeima Reifnis rauknstefnanda‘to that ox-driver of Reifnir’
= SEAFARER
the ox of Reifnir → SHIP
to that driver of the SHIP → SEAFARER
raukn ‘of the ox’
(not checked:)
2. raukn (noun n.): draught animal < rauknstefnandi (noun m.)
[3] raukn‑: so Bb, ‘rauck’ Flat
kennings
þeima Reifnis rauknstefnanda‘to that ox-driver of Reifnir’
= SEAFARER
the ox of Reifnir → SHIP
to that driver of the SHIP → SEAFARER
stefnanda ‘driver’
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stefnandi (noun m.): [summoner, driver] < rauknstefnandi (noun m.)
kennings
þeima Reifnis rauknstefnanda‘to that ox-driver of Reifnir’
= SEAFARER
the ox of Reifnir → SHIP
to that driver of the SHIP → SEAFARER
Reifnis ‘of Reifnir’
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Reifnir (noun m.): Reifnir
kennings
þeima Reifnis rauknstefnanda‘to that ox-driver of Reifnir’
= SEAFARER
the ox of Reifnir → SHIP
to that driver of the SHIP → SEAFARER
Reifnis ‘of Reifnir’
(not checked:)
Reifnir (noun m.): Reifnir
kennings
þeima Reifnis rauknstefnanda‘to that ox-driver of Reifnir’
= SEAFARER
the ox of Reifnir → SHIP
to that driver of the SHIP → SEAFARER
ríkr ‘The powerful’
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ríkr (adj.): mighty, powerful, rich
kennings
Ríkr, þjóðnýtr bróðir Haralds‘The powerful, very bountiful brother of Haraldr ’
= Óláfr
The powerful, very bountiful brother of Haraldr → Óláfr
bendingar ‘signs’
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bending (noun f.; °dat. -u/-; -ar): [signs]
slíkar ‘such’
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2. slíkr (adj.): such
áðr ‘before’
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áðr (adv.; °//): before
þrif ‘’
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þrifr (adj.)
þrek ‘to the strength’
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þrekr (noun m.): powerful < þrekhvass (adj.)
[5] þrekhvǫssum: so Bb, þrifhvassir Flat
hvassir ‘’
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hvass (adj.; °-an; -ari, -astr): keen, sharp
hvǫssum ‘keen’
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hvass (adj.; °-an; -ari, -astr): keen, sharp < þrekhvass (adj.)
[5] þrekhvǫssum: so Bb, þrifhvassir Flat
þessar ‘these’
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1. sjá (pron.; °gen. þessa dat. þessum/þeima, acc. þenna; f. sjá/þessi; n. þetta, dat. þessu/þvísa; pl. þessir): this
[5] þessar: so Bb, þessir Flat
þing ‘of the battle’
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þing (noun n.; °-s; -): meeting, assembly < þingdjarfr (adj.)
kennings
þingdjarfs snyrtis bauga‘of the battle-brave polisher of rings ’
= MAN = Óláfr
the battle-brave polisher of rings → MAN = Óláfr
Yngva ‘Yngva’
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Yngvi (noun m.): Yngvi, prince
djarfs ‘brave’
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djarfr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): bold < þingdjarfr (adj.)
kennings
þingdjarfs snyrtis bauga‘of the battle-brave polisher of rings ’
= MAN = Óláfr
the battle-brave polisher of rings → MAN = Óláfr
firar ‘men’
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firar (noun m.): men
notes
[6] inga (dat. sg.): Ingi is a variant of the name Yngvi, given to the god Freyr, and to kings considered to have been his descendants, including the Swed. and Norw. royal houses, the Ynglingar. The name functions in skaldic poetry as a king-heiti, and here refers to the Byzantine emperor who bought the sword as a relic. However, Einarr may have chosen it with his royal audience in mind, one of whom bore the name Ingi.
bjǫrt ‘bright’
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bjartr (adj.; °compar. -ari, superl. -astr): bright
eru ‘are’
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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am
bauga ‘of rings’
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baugr (noun m.; °dat. -i/-; -ar): ring
kennings
þingdjarfs snyrtis bauga‘of the battle-brave polisher of rings ’
= MAN = Óláfr
the battle-brave polisher of rings → MAN = Óláfr
kennings
þingdjarfs snyrtis bauga‘of the battle-brave polisher of rings ’
= MAN = Óláfr
the battle-brave polisher of rings → MAN = Óláfr
brǫgð ‘the deeds’
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bragð (noun n.; °-s; *-): action, movement, trick
jartegnir ‘miracles’
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jarteign (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): miracle
sǫgðu ‘told’
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segja (verb): say, tell
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
|
Þríar grímur vann þeima |
The powerful, very bountiful brother of Haraldr [= Óláfr] gave such signs to that driver of the ox of Reifnir <sea-king> [(lit. ‘to that ox-driver of Reifnir’) SHIP > SEAFARER] for three nights, before men told these miracles to the strength-keen ingi <king>; the deeds of the battle-brave polisher of rings [MAN = Óláfr] are bright.
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