ESk Geisl 3VII
Martin Chase (ed.) 2007, ‘Einarr Skúlason, Geisli 3’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 9.
Siðar ‘faith’
(not checked:)
siðr (noun m.; °-ar, dat. -/-i; -ir, acc. -u): faith, morals
kennings
Ljósi sólar heilags siðar‘The light of the sun of holy faith ’
= Christ
the sun of holy faith → God
The light of GOD → Christ
notes
[1] siðar ‘faith’: This edn, with Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) and Kock (Skald; NN §2315), reads this as the gen. sg. of the noun siðr ‘religious practice, faith’ and construes: Ljósi sólar heilags siðar brá ‘The light of the sun of holy faith was extinguished’. Another possibility is to read the first word with a long ‘i’, síðar, the comp. form of the adv. síð, with the sense Síðar brá sólar ljósi ‘Later, the light of the sun [= Christ] was destroyed’. Síðar is then a reference to the preceding st., and its initial position in st. 3 may suggest that it is meant as a transition between the two. For this reading, see Chase 2005, 53 and 127. The long form, síðar, is unmetrical, however, as resolution is required in position one to avoid a hypermetrical l.
Siðar ‘faith’
(not checked:)
siðr (noun m.; °-ar, dat. -/-i; -ir, acc. -u): faith, morals
kennings
Ljósi sólar heilags siðar‘The light of the sun of holy faith ’
= Christ
the sun of holy faith → God
The light of GOD → Christ
notes
[1] siðar ‘faith’: This edn, with Finnur Jónsson (Skj B) and Kock (Skald; NN §2315), reads this as the gen. sg. of the noun siðr ‘religious practice, faith’ and construes: Ljósi sólar heilags siðar brá ‘The light of the sun of holy faith was extinguished’. Another possibility is to read the first word with a long ‘i’, síðar, the comp. form of the adv. síð, with the sense Síðar brá sólar ljósi ‘Later, the light of the sun [= Christ] was destroyed’. Síðar is then a reference to the preceding st., and its initial position in st. 3 may suggest that it is meant as a transition between the two. For this reading, see Chase 2005, 53 and 127. The long form, síðar, is unmetrical, however, as resolution is required in position one to avoid a hypermetrical l.
heilags ‘of holy’
(not checked:)
heilagr (adj.; °helgan; compar. -ari, superl. -astr): holy, sacred
kennings
Ljósi sólar heilags siðar‘The light of the sun of holy faith ’
= Christ
the sun of holy faith → God
The light of GOD → Christ
heilags ‘of holy’
(not checked:)
heilagr (adj.; °helgan; compar. -ari, superl. -astr): holy, sacred
kennings
Ljósi sólar heilags siðar‘The light of the sun of holy faith ’
= Christ
the sun of holy faith → God
The light of GOD → Christ
brá ‘was extinguished’
(not checked:)
bregða (verb; °bregðr/brigðr; brá, brugðu; brugðinn/brogðinn): pull, jerk, break; change
sólar ‘of the sun’
(not checked:)
sól (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -u/-; -ir): sun
kennings
Ljósi sólar heilags siðar‘The light of the sun of holy faith ’
= Christ
the sun of holy faith → God
The light of GOD → Christ
sólar ‘of the sun’
(not checked:)
sól (noun f.; °-ar, dat. -u/-; -ir): sun
kennings
Ljósi sólar heilags siðar‘The light of the sun of holy faith ’
= Christ
the sun of holy faith → God
The light of GOD → Christ
setr ‘’
(not checked:)
setr (noun n.; °-s; -): seat, abode
kennings
betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls.‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun. ’
= God
the not-small abode of another sun. → SKY/HEAVEN
the better [light] of the SKY/HEAVEN → God
notes
[2] setrs ‘of the abode’: Flat’s reading requires the assumption of a noun (‘light’) for betra to qualify. Kock (NN §927; Skald) adopts Bb’s setr to give þat vas fyr betra setr ... ‘that was for [the purpose of] a better home ...’. — [2, 4, 3] betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls ‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun’: This kenning is likely to refer to the new and more powerful light of the resurrected Christ by contrast with the kenning ljósi sólar heilags siðar ‘the light of the sun of holy faith’ in ll. 1, 4 where the reference is to Christ’s death at the Crucifixion. Alternatively, the phrase vas fyrir could mean ‘heralded’ and its object be understood simply as ‘the better light of heaven’ (so Skj B).
kennings
betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls.‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun. ’
= God
the not-small abode of another sun. → SKY/HEAVEN
the better [light] of the SKY/HEAVEN → God
notes
[2] setrs ‘of the abode’: Flat’s reading requires the assumption of a noun (‘light’) for betra to qualify. Kock (NN §927; Skald) adopts Bb’s setr to give þat vas fyr betra setr ... ‘that was for [the purpose of] a better home ...’. — [2, 4, 3] betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls ‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun’: This kenning is likely to refer to the new and more powerful light of the resurrected Christ by contrast with the kenning ljósi sólar heilags siðar ‘the light of the sun of holy faith’ in ll. 1, 4 where the reference is to Christ’s death at the Crucifixion. Alternatively, the phrase vas fyrir could mean ‘heralded’ and its object be understood simply as ‘the better light of heaven’ (so Skj B).
kennings
betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls.‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun. ’
= God
the not-small abode of another sun. → SKY/HEAVEN
the better [light] of the SKY/HEAVEN → God
notes
[2] setrs ‘of the abode’: Flat’s reading requires the assumption of a noun (‘light’) for betra to qualify. Kock (NN §927; Skald) adopts Bb’s setr to give þat vas fyr betra setr ... ‘that was for [the purpose of] a better home ...’. — [2, 4, 3] betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls ‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun’: This kenning is likely to refer to the new and more powerful light of the resurrected Christ by contrast with the kenning ljósi sólar heilags siðar ‘the light of the sun of holy faith’ in ll. 1, 4 where the reference is to Christ’s death at the Crucifixion. Alternatively, the phrase vas fyrir could mean ‘heralded’ and its object be understood simply as ‘the better light of heaven’ (so Skj B).
kennings
betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls.‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun. ’
= God
the not-small abode of another sun. → SKY/HEAVEN
the better [light] of the SKY/HEAVEN → God
notes
[2] setrs ‘of the abode’: Flat’s reading requires the assumption of a noun (‘light’) for betra to qualify. Kock (NN §927; Skald) adopts Bb’s setr to give þat vas fyr betra setr ... ‘that was for [the purpose of] a better home ...’. — [2, 4, 3] betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls ‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun’: This kenning is likely to refer to the new and more powerful light of the resurrected Christ by contrast with the kenning ljósi sólar heilags siðar ‘the light of the sun of holy faith’ in ll. 1, 4 where the reference is to Christ’s death at the Crucifixion. Alternatively, the phrase vas fyrir could mean ‘heralded’ and its object be understood simply as ‘the better light of heaven’ (so Skj B).
vas ‘preceded’
(not checked:)
2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am
fyr ‘’
(not checked:)
fyr (prep.): for, over, because of, etc.
betra ‘the better’
(not checked:)
betri (adj. comp.; °superl. beztr/baztr; pos. góðr adj.): better, best
kennings
betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls.‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun. ’
= God
the not-small abode of another sun. → SKY/HEAVEN
the better [light] of the SKY/HEAVEN → God
notes
[2, 4, 3] betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls ‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun’: This kenning is likely to refer to the new and more powerful light of the resurrected Christ by contrast with the kenning ljósi sólar heilags siðar ‘the light of the sun of holy faith’ in ll. 1, 4 where the reference is to Christ’s death at the Crucifixion. Alternatively, the phrase vas fyrir could mean ‘heralded’ and its object be understood simply as ‘the better light of heaven’ (so Skj B).
auð ‘of riches’
kennings
auðfinnǫndum‘for finders of riches ’
= MEN
for finders of riches → MEN
finnendum ‘’
(not checked:)
finnandi (noun m.): bestower, finder < auðfinnandi (noun m.)
finnǫndum ‘for finders’
(not checked:)
finnandi (noun m.): bestower, finder < auðfinnandi (noun m.)
[3] ‑finnǫndum (‘‑finnandum’): so Bb, ‘‑finnendum’ Flat
kennings
auðfinnǫndum‘for finders of riches ’
= MEN
for finders of riches → MEN
annars ‘of another’
(not checked:)
1. annarr (pron.; °f. ǫnnur, n. annat; pl. aðrir): (an)other, second
kennings
betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls.‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun. ’
= God
the not-small abode of another sun. → SKY/HEAVEN
the better [light] of the SKY/HEAVEN → God
notes
[2, 4, 3] betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls ‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun’: This kenning is likely to refer to the new and more powerful light of the resurrected Christ by contrast with the kenning ljósi sólar heilags siðar ‘the light of the sun of holy faith’ in ll. 1, 4 where the reference is to Christ’s death at the Crucifixion. Alternatively, the phrase vas fyrir could mean ‘heralded’ and its object be understood simply as ‘the better light of heaven’ (so Skj B).
annars ‘of another’
(not checked:)
1. annarr (pron.; °f. ǫnnur, n. annat; pl. aðrir): (an)other, second
kennings
betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls.‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun. ’
= God
the not-small abode of another sun. → SKY/HEAVEN
the better [light] of the SKY/HEAVEN → God
notes
[2, 4, 3] betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls ‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun’: This kenning is likely to refer to the new and more powerful light of the resurrected Christ by contrast with the kenning ljósi sólar heilags siðar ‘the light of the sun of holy faith’ in ll. 1, 4 where the reference is to Christ’s death at the Crucifixion. Alternatively, the phrase vas fyrir could mean ‘heralded’ and its object be understood simply as ‘the better light of heaven’ (so Skj B).
ómjós ‘of the not-small’
(not checked:)
ómjór (adj.): [not-small]
[4] ómjós (‘o mioss’): so Bb, ‘o míors’ Flat
kennings
betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls.‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun. ’
= God
the not-small abode of another sun. → SKY/HEAVEN
the better [light] of the SKY/HEAVEN → God
notes
[2, 4, 3] betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls ‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun’: This kenning is likely to refer to the new and more powerful light of the resurrected Christ by contrast with the kenning ljósi sólar heilags siðar ‘the light of the sun of holy faith’ in ll. 1, 4 where the reference is to Christ’s death at the Crucifixion. Alternatively, the phrase vas fyrir could mean ‘heralded’ and its object be understood simply as ‘the better light of heaven’ (so Skj B).
ómjós ‘of the not-small’
(not checked:)
ómjór (adj.): [not-small]
[4] ómjós (‘o mioss’): so Bb, ‘o míors’ Flat
kennings
betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls.‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun. ’
= God
the not-small abode of another sun. → SKY/HEAVEN
the better [light] of the SKY/HEAVEN → God
notes
[2, 4, 3] betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls ‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun’: This kenning is likely to refer to the new and more powerful light of the resurrected Christ by contrast with the kenning ljósi sólar heilags siðar ‘the light of the sun of holy faith’ in ll. 1, 4 where the reference is to Christ’s death at the Crucifixion. Alternatively, the phrase vas fyrir could mean ‘heralded’ and its object be understood simply as ‘the better light of heaven’ (so Skj B).
rǫðuls ‘sun’
(not checked:)
rǫðull (noun m.; °dat. rǫðli): heavenly body
kennings
betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls.‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun. ’
= God
the not-small abode of another sun. → SKY/HEAVEN
the better [light] of the SKY/HEAVEN → God
notes
[2, 4, 3] betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls ‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun’: This kenning is likely to refer to the new and more powerful light of the resurrected Christ by contrast with the kenning ljósi sólar heilags siðar ‘the light of the sun of holy faith’ in ll. 1, 4 where the reference is to Christ’s death at the Crucifixion. Alternatively, the phrase vas fyrir could mean ‘heralded’ and its object be understood simply as ‘the better light of heaven’ (so Skj B).
rǫðuls ‘sun’
(not checked:)
rǫðull (noun m.; °dat. rǫðli): heavenly body
kennings
betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls.‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun. ’
= God
the not-small abode of another sun. → SKY/HEAVEN
the better [light] of the SKY/HEAVEN → God
notes
[2, 4, 3] betra ómjós setrs annars rǫðuls ‘the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun’: This kenning is likely to refer to the new and more powerful light of the resurrected Christ by contrast with the kenning ljósi sólar heilags siðar ‘the light of the sun of holy faith’ in ll. 1, 4 where the reference is to Christ’s death at the Crucifixion. Alternatively, the phrase vas fyrir could mean ‘heralded’ and its object be understood simply as ‘the better light of heaven’ (so Skj B).
liorsi ‘’
kennings
Ljósi sólar heilags siðar‘The light of the sun of holy faith ’
= Christ
the sun of holy faith → God
The light of GOD → Christ
Œztr ‘The best’
(not checked:)
œðri (adj. comp.): nobler, higher
þrifnuðr ‘prosperity’
(not checked:)
þrifnuðr (noun m.; °þrifnaðar, dat. þrifnaði): prosperity
nam ‘’
(not checked:)
1. nema (verb): to take
efnask ‘to bring itself’
(not checked:)
1. efna (verb; °-að-): initiate
oss ‘to us’
(not checked:)
vér (pron.; °gen. vár, dat./acc. oss): we, us, our
þás ‘when’
(not checked:)
þás (conj.): when
líf ‘the life’
(not checked:)
líf (noun n.; °-s; -): life
á ‘on’
(not checked:)
3. á (prep.): on, at
krossi ‘a cross’
(not checked:)
kross (noun m.; °-, dat. -i; -ar): cross, crucifix
jarðar ‘of earth’
(not checked:)
jǫrð (noun f.; °jarðar, dat. -u; jarðir/jarðar(DN I (1367) 304)): ground, earth
allra ‘of all’
(not checked:)
allr (adj.): all
fyrða ‘the men’
(not checked:)
2. fyrðr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -): man
ónauðigr ‘willing’
(not checked:)
ónauðigr (adj.): undeserving, without coercion
tók ‘won’
(not checked:)
2. taka (verb): take
dauða ‘through death’
(not checked:)
dauði (noun m.; °-a; -ar): death
Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses
|
Siðar heilags brá sólar |
The light of the sun of holy faith [= God > = Christ] was extinguished; for finders of riches [MEN] that preceded the better [light] of the not-small abode of another sun [SKY/HEAVEN > = God (= Christ)]. The best prosperity decided to bring itself to us when he, willing, won the life of all the men of earth through death on a cross.
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