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Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages

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Bragi Rdr 6III

Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.) 2017, ‘Bragi inn gamli Boddason, Ragnarsdrápa 6’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 36.

Bragi inn gamli BoddasonRagnarsdrápa
567

Mjǫk ‘to be greatly’

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mjǫk (adv.): very, much

[1] Mjǫk: ‘Miott’ C

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lét ‘caused’

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láta (verb): let, have sth done

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stála ‘of steel’

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1. stál (noun n.; °-s; -): steel, weapon, prow

kennings

Støkkvir flaums stála
‘The impeller of the eddy of steel ’
   = WARRIOR = Jǫrmunrekkr

the eddy of steel → BATTLE
The impeller of the BATTLE → WARRIOR = Jǫrmunrekkr

notes

[1, 3] støkkvir flaums stála ‘the impeller of the eddy of steel [BATTLE > WARRIOR = Jǫrmunrekkr]’: If flaums ‘torrent, eddy’ (l. 3) is taken as part of a warrior-kenning, it is strictly unnecessary, as støkkvir stáls ‘the impeller of steel’ alone would suffice as a warrior-kenning. However, Bragi uses a similar kenning flaumr sverða ‘the eddy of swords [BATTLE]’ in st. 3/4, so the likelihood that this is a tvíkent kenning, with Jǫrmunrekkr as its referent, is increased. Other attempts to construe flaums with different parts of the first helmingr are all unsatisfactory (see Marold 1983, 71-3 for an assessment).

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stála ‘of steel’

(not checked:)
1. stál (noun n.; °-s; -): steel, weapon, prow

kennings

Støkkvir flaums stála
‘The impeller of the eddy of steel ’
   = WARRIOR = Jǫrmunrekkr

the eddy of steel → BATTLE
The impeller of the BATTLE → WARRIOR = Jǫrmunrekkr

notes

[1, 3] støkkvir flaums stála ‘the impeller of the eddy of steel [BATTLE > WARRIOR = Jǫrmunrekkr]’: If flaums ‘torrent, eddy’ (l. 3) is taken as part of a warrior-kenning, it is strictly unnecessary, as støkkvir stáls ‘the impeller of steel’ alone would suffice as a warrior-kenning. However, Bragi uses a similar kenning flaumr sverða ‘the eddy of swords [BATTLE]’ in st. 3/4, so the likelihood that this is a tvíkent kenning, with Jǫrmunrekkr as its referent, is increased. Other attempts to construe flaums with different parts of the first helmingr are all unsatisfactory (see Marold 1983, 71-3 for an assessment).

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støkkvir ‘The impeller’

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støkkvir (noun m.): dispenser, flinger

kennings

Støkkvir flaums stála
‘The impeller of the eddy of steel ’
   = WARRIOR = Jǫrmunrekkr

the eddy of steel → BATTLE
The impeller of the BATTLE → WARRIOR = Jǫrmunrekkr

notes

[1, 3] støkkvir flaums stála ‘the impeller of the eddy of steel [BATTLE > WARRIOR = Jǫrmunrekkr]’: If flaums ‘torrent, eddy’ (l. 3) is taken as part of a warrior-kenning, it is strictly unnecessary, as støkkvir stáls ‘the impeller of steel’ alone would suffice as a warrior-kenning. However, Bragi uses a similar kenning flaumr sverða ‘the eddy of swords [BATTLE]’ in st. 3/4, so the likelihood that this is a tvíkent kenning, with Jǫrmunrekkr as its referent, is increased. Other attempts to construe flaums with different parts of the first helmingr are all unsatisfactory (see Marold 1983, 71-3 for an assessment).

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styðja ‘pressed’

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2. styðja (verb): protect, support

notes

[2] styðja ‘to be pressed’: That is, to be hard pressed. An unusual sense of this verb, which normally means ‘support’. A similar sense, in which ‘support’ implies ‘prop up, rest sth. on sth. else’ is found in Vsp 21/3-4 (NK 2) er Gullveigo | geirom studdo ‘when they propped up Gullveig with spears’.

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Gjúka ‘of Gjúki’

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Gjúki (noun m.): Gjúki

kennings

niðja Gjúka,
‘the descendants of Gjúki ’
   = Hamðir and Sǫrli

the descendants of Gjúki → Hamðir and Sǫrli

notes

[2] niðja Gjúka ‘the descendants of Gjúki <legendary king> [= Hamðir and Sǫrli]’: Gjúki was the brothers’ maternal grandfather, being the father of their mother Guðrún and her brothers Gunnarr and Hǫgni.

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niðja ‘the descendants’

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1. niðr (noun m.; °-s; niðjar/niðir, acc. niði): son, kinsman, relative

kennings

niðja Gjúka,
‘the descendants of Gjúki ’
   = Hamðir and Sǫrli

the descendants of Gjúki → Hamðir and Sǫrli

notes

[2] niðja Gjúka ‘the descendants of Gjúki <legendary king> [= Hamðir and Sǫrli]’: Gjúki was the brothers’ maternal grandfather, being the father of their mother Guðrún and her brothers Gunnarr and Hǫgni.

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flaums ‘of the eddy’

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flaumr (noun m.; °dat. -): eddy

[3] flaums: glaums Tˣ

kennings

Støkkvir flaums stála
‘The impeller of the eddy of steel ’
   = WARRIOR = Jǫrmunrekkr

the eddy of steel → BATTLE
The impeller of the BATTLE → WARRIOR = Jǫrmunrekkr

notes

[1, 3] støkkvir flaums stála ‘the impeller of the eddy of steel [BATTLE > WARRIOR = Jǫrmunrekkr]’: If flaums ‘torrent, eddy’ (l. 3) is taken as part of a warrior-kenning, it is strictly unnecessary, as støkkvir stáls ‘the impeller of steel’ alone would suffice as a warrior-kenning. However, Bragi uses a similar kenning flaumr sverða ‘the eddy of swords [BATTLE]’ in st. 3/4, so the likelihood that this is a tvíkent kenning, with Jǫrmunrekkr as its referent, is increased. Other attempts to construe flaums with different parts of the first helmingr are all unsatisfactory (see Marold 1983, 71-3 for an assessment).

Close

flaums ‘of the eddy’

(not checked:)
flaumr (noun m.; °dat. -): eddy

[3] flaums: glaums Tˣ

kennings

Støkkvir flaums stála
‘The impeller of the eddy of steel ’
   = WARRIOR = Jǫrmunrekkr

the eddy of steel → BATTLE
The impeller of the BATTLE → WARRIOR = Jǫrmunrekkr

notes

[1, 3] støkkvir flaums stála ‘the impeller of the eddy of steel [BATTLE > WARRIOR = Jǫrmunrekkr]’: If flaums ‘torrent, eddy’ (l. 3) is taken as part of a warrior-kenning, it is strictly unnecessary, as støkkvir stáls ‘the impeller of steel’ alone would suffice as a warrior-kenning. However, Bragi uses a similar kenning flaumr sverða ‘the eddy of swords [BATTLE]’ in st. 3/4, so the likelihood that this is a tvíkent kenning, with Jǫrmunrekkr as its referent, is increased. Other attempts to construe flaums with different parts of the first helmingr are all unsatisfactory (see Marold 1983, 71-3 for an assessment).

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þás ‘when’

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þás (conj.): when

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fjǫrvi ‘of life’

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fjǫr (noun n.): life

[3] fjǫrvi: fjǫlvi Tˣ

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næma ‘to deprive’

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1. næma (verb): deprive

[3] næma: so C, náma R, Tˣ

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Fogl ‘of Bird’

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fugl (noun m.): bird < fuglhildr (noun f.)

[4] Fogl‑: so Tˣ, C, folg‑ R

kennings

mun Foglhildar
‘the delight of Bird-hildr ’
   = Jǫrmunrekkr

the delight of Bird-hildr → Jǫrmunrekkr

notes

[4] mun Foglhildar ‘the delight of Bird-hildr <= Svanhildr> [= Jǫrmunrekkr]’: Jǫrmunrekkr was married to Hamðir’s and Sǫrli’s sister Svanhildr. Bragi here plays on the way that svanr is used in kennings to represent ‘bird’ in general (LP: svanr).

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hildar ‘hildr’

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1. hildr (noun f.): battle < fuglhildr (noun f.)

kennings

mun Foglhildar
‘the delight of Bird-hildr ’
   = Jǫrmunrekkr

the delight of Bird-hildr → Jǫrmunrekkr

notes

[4] mun Foglhildar ‘the delight of Bird-hildr <= Svanhildr> [= Jǫrmunrekkr]’: Jǫrmunrekkr was married to Hamðir’s and Sǫrli’s sister Svanhildr. Bragi here plays on the way that svanr is used in kennings to represent ‘bird’ in general (LP: svanr).

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mun ‘the delight’

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munr (noun m.; °-ar/-s, dat. -/-i; -ir, acc. -i): mind, pleasure

[4] mun: ‘mon’ Tˣ

kennings

mun Foglhildar
‘the delight of Bird-hildr ’
   = Jǫrmunrekkr

the delight of Bird-hildr → Jǫrmunrekkr

notes

[4] mun Foglhildar ‘the delight of Bird-hildr <= Svanhildr> [= Jǫrmunrekkr]’: Jǫrmunrekkr was married to Hamðir’s and Sǫrli’s sister Svanhildr. Bragi here plays on the way that svanr is used in kennings to represent ‘bird’ in general (LP: svanr).

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vildu ‘they intended’

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vilja (verb): want, intend

[4] vildu: vilda Tˣ

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Ok ‘And’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

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blá ‘of the dark’

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blár (adj.): black < bláserkr (noun m.)

kennings

birkis bláserkjar
‘of the birch-branch of the dark shirt ’
   = SWORD

the birch-branch of the dark shirt → SWORD
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serkjar ‘shirt’

(not checked:)
1. serkr (noun m.; °-s, dat. -/-i; -ir): shirt < bláserkr (noun m.)

[5] ‑serkjar: so C, ‑serkjan R, ‑serkja Tˣ

kennings

birkis bláserkjar
‘of the birch-branch of the dark shirt ’
   = SWORD

the birch-branch of the dark shirt → SWORD
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birkis ‘of the birch-branch’

(not checked:)
birki (noun n.): birch-

kennings

birkis bláserkjar
‘of the birch-branch of the dark shirt ’
   = SWORD

the birch-branch of the dark shirt → SWORD
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ball ‘for the powerfully’

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bǫllr (noun m.; °ballar, dat. belli): ?clang, powerfully < bǫllfagr (adj.)

[6] ball‑: so C, bǫll R, Tˣ

notes

[6] ballfǫgr ‘powerfully splendid’: Qualifies ennihǫgg n. pl. and is understood as a cpd formed from two adjectives ballr ‘bold, powerful’ and fagr ‘splendid, fair’. The word is written as a cpd in all mss. Both R and indicate the spelling bǫll-, while C has ball- (adopted here). Another possibility (but not indicated by the ms. spellings) is bǫl- ‘evil(ly)’ (cf. Faulkes, SnE 1998, II, 239).

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fǫgr ‘splendid’

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fagr (adj.; °fagran; compar. fegri, superl. fegrstr): fair, beautiful < bǫllfagr (adj.)

notes

[6] ballfǫgr ‘powerfully splendid’: Qualifies ennihǫgg n. pl. and is understood as a cpd formed from two adjectives ballr ‘bold, powerful’ and fagr ‘splendid, fair’. The word is written as a cpd in all mss. Both R and indicate the spelling bǫll-, while C has ball- (adopted here). Another possibility (but not indicated by the ms. spellings) is bǫl- ‘evil(ly)’ (cf. Faulkes, SnE 1998, II, 239).

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gǫtu ‘the path’

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gata (noun f.): path, road

[6] gǫtu (‘gꜹtu’): gauta C

kennings

gǫtu eggjar.
‘the path of the sword-blade.’
   = WOUND

the path of the sword-blade. → WOUND

notes

[6] gǫtu (acc. sg.) ‘the path’: Combines with eggjar ‘of the sword blade’ (l. 7) to form a kenning for a wound. Skald (NN §215) understands the mss’ readings as gôtu (3rd pers. pl. pret. indic. of geta as auxilliary plus the inf. launa) in the sense ‘managed to repay’, but this is unlikely on palaeographical grounds (cf. SnE 1998, I, liii). It also creates a heavy dip in position 2, which is not otherwise found in Bragi’s poetry.

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allir ‘all’

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allr (adj.): all

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ennihǫgg ‘forehead blows’

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ennihǫgg (noun n.): [forehead blows]

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ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

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eggjar ‘of the sword-blade’

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1. egg (noun f.; °-jar, dat. -ju/-): edge, blade

kennings

gǫtu eggjar.
‘the path of the sword-blade.’
   = WOUND

the path of the sword-blade. → WOUND
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Jónakrs ‘of Jónakr’

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Jónakr (noun m.): Jónakr

[8] Jónakrs: ‘onakurs’ C

kennings

sonum Jónakrs
‘the sons of Jónakr ’
   = Hamðir and Sǫrli

the sons of Jónakr → Hamðir and Sǫrli
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sonum ‘the sons’

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sonr (noun m.; °-ar, dat. syni; synir, acc. sonu, syni): son

kennings

sonum Jónakrs
‘the sons of Jónakr ’
   = Hamðir and Sǫrli

the sons of Jónakr → Hamðir and Sǫrli
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launa ‘repay’

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launa (verb): reward

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Interactive view: tap on words in the text for notes and glosses

See Context to st. 3. This stanza follows immediately upon Rdr 5 in three mss of SnE, R, and C.

[5-8]: These lines are difficult and a number of possible interpretations have been proposed. The basic sense of the helmingr is that the Goths, at Jǫrmunrekkr’s direction, repay (launa) Hamðir and Sǫrli for their attack upon their leader. (a) The interpretation adopted here follows most closely the view of Marold (1983, 73-5; cf. Finnur Jónsson 1930-1, 265-6) as being the best in terms of its attention to poetic syntax and the normal rules of kenning formation. Birki bláserkjar ‘birch-branch of the dark shirt (i.e. mail-shirt)’ is taken to belong to a pattern of sword-kenning in which the base-word is a twig or reed, or occasionally a specific tree species (cf. Meissner 152). (b) In Skj B Finnur Jónsson construed the second element of the cpd ballfagr (l. 6) as belonging to gǫtu and understood the presence of a kenning fagrgata bláserkjar birkis (see LP: fagrgata), sverdets lyse vej ‘the sword’s shining path [WOUND]’. He then understood a rather awkward intercalary clause comprising ennihǫgg ball ok eggjar (ll. 6, 7) with the verb ball ‘resounded’ (from bella) having a coordinate subject, pandehug rungede og sværdene lød ‘forehead blows rang and swords resounded’. (c) Kock (NN §§215, 2002) also took ennihǫgg ok eggjar together, understanding them as a coordinate object of launa ‘repay’, and in this he was followed by Faulkes (SnE 1998, II, 266, 343). For this interpretation to work, the noun hǫgg ‘blows’ must be understood with both enni- and eggjar-, as a kind of hendiadys, to give the following prose word order: ok allir launa sonum Jónakrs ballfǫgr (or bǫlfǫgr) ennihǫgg ok eggjar[hǫgg] birkis bláserkjar ‘and all repay the sons of Jónakr [= Hamðir and Sǫrli] for the powerfully shining (or ‘evilly shining’) forehead- and sword-blade blows of the birches of the dark shirt [WARRIORS = Hamðir and Sǫrli]’. The sense of the kenning birkis bláserkjar in this interpretation is unusual, and depends upon birki being understood as a collective noun ‘birches’, which can therefore stand for a group, or in this case, a pair, of warriors. In the interpretation proposed by Marold and adopted above birki is understood as an abstraction ‘something birch-like’ and so ‘birch branch/twig’ and the kenning birki bláserkjar ‘birch branch of the dark shirt (i.e. mail-shirt)’ may then be understood as a kenning for a sword.

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