BjHall Kálffl 4^I

Áttu ‘You have’

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2. eiga (verb; °á/eigr (præs. pl. 3. pers. eigu/eiga); átti, áttu; átt): own, have

[1] Áttu: allt átt þú 61

Engla ‘of the English’

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Englar (noun m.): English people

[1] Engla: Englands 61, 325V, Bb, Flat, Tóm

kennings

notes

[1] dróttni Engla ‘the lord of the English [= Knútr]’: Knútr reigned over England from 1016; see ‘Ruler biographies’ in Introduction to this volume.

dróttni ‘the lord’

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dróttinn (noun m.; °dróttins, dat. dróttni (drottini [$1049$]); dróttnar): lord, master

[1] dróttni: dróttin Bb, dróttinn Flat

kennings

notes

[1] dróttni Engla ‘the lord of the English [= Knútr]’: Knútr reigned over England from 1016; see ‘Ruler biographies’ in Introduction to this volume.

ógn ‘battle’

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ógn (noun f.; °-ar; -ir): terror, battle < ógnrakkr (adj.): battle-bold

kennings

rakkr ‘bold’

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rakkr (adj.; °compar. -ari): bold < ógnrakkr (adj.): battle-bold

[2] ‑rakkr: ‑rakk Flat

kennings

gjafar ‘for gifts’

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gjǫf (noun f.): gift

[2] gjafar: gjafir 321ˣ, Bæb, 68, 61, Flat, í guði 325VII

þakka ‘to thank’

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1. þakka (verb): thank

jarls ‘of a jarl’

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jarl (noun m.; °-s, dat. -i; -ar): poet, earl

[3] jarls: ‘i’ 325VII, ok Bb

kennings

notes

[3] niðr jarls ‘descendant of a jarl [= Kálfr]’: In a genealogy of Kálfr’s family, the Arnmœðlingar, attached to Fsk (ÍF 29, 371), his grandfather is referred to as ‘Arnmóðr jarl’. Kálfr himself is referred to in Hkr as a lendr maðr ‘landed man, district chieftain’ and a hǫfðingi ‘chieftain’.

niðr ‘descendant’

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1. niðr (noun m.; °-s; niðjar/niðir, acc. niði): son, kinsman, relative

[3] niðr: vinr 325V

kennings

notes

[3] niðr jarls ‘descendant of a jarl [= Kálfr]’: In a genealogy of Kálfr’s family, the Arnmœðlingar, attached to Fsk (ÍF 29, 371), his grandfather is referred to as ‘Arnmóðr jarl’. Kálfr himself is referred to in Hkr as a lendr maðr ‘landed man, district chieftain’ and a hǫfðingi ‘chieftain’.

komtu ‘advanced’

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koma (verb; kem, kom/kvam, kominn): come

[3] komtu: so Bæb, 68, 325V, 325VII, Bb, Flat, Tóm, Kˣ, ‘cotv’ Holm2, komt 321ˣ, ‘kottu’ 61

yðru ‘your’

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yðvarr (pron.; °f. yður; pl. yðrir): your

ótála ‘you undoubtedly’

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ótála (adv.): undoubtedly

notes

[4] ótála ‘undoubtedly’: See Note to st. 3/2 above.

vel ‘well’

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vel (adv.): well, very

máli ‘case’

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1. mál (noun n.; °-s; -): speech, matter

Þér ‘for you’

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þú (pron.; °gen. þín, dat. þér, acc. þik): you

[5] Þér: ótála vel máli þér 321ˣ, þar Bb

notes

[5, 8] lét fold fundna þér ‘said that land was found for you’: On the basis of the stanza alone, the reference to ‘land’ being ‘found’ for Kálfr could be taken to mean the grant of an estate in England, but Kálfr’s departure from England, his defence of land in Norway against Óláfr in st. 5/1-2, and the prose context make it clear that the reference is to a promise of rule in Norway. The sense of lét remains elusive. The most obvious interpretation is ‘had (land found for you)’, and this would be compatible with the first helmingr. However, lét could mean ‘said’, and this is assumed here, resulting in a more cynical view of the sincerity of Knútr’s promises (cf. ÍF 27, 335 n. which has kvaðst hafa fundið ‘said he had found’). This accords with the statement about delay in l. 6 (see Note) and is spelt out clearly in the prose sources, e.g. in ÍF 27, 411 where Kálfr is said to regret the trap he had fallen into at Knútr’s urging, since all the promises he had made, including a jarldom and government over all Norway, had been broken.

lét ‘said’

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láta (verb): let, have sth done

notes

[5, 8] lét fold fundna þér ‘said that land was found for you’: On the basis of the stanza alone, the reference to ‘land’ being ‘found’ for Kálfr could be taken to mean the grant of an estate in England, but Kálfr’s departure from England, his defence of land in Norway against Óláfr in st. 5/1-2, and the prose context make it clear that the reference is to a promise of rule in Norway. The sense of lét remains elusive. The most obvious interpretation is ‘had (land found for you)’, and this would be compatible with the first helmingr. However, lét could mean ‘said’, and this is assumed here, resulting in a more cynical view of the sincerity of Knútr’s promises (cf. ÍF 27, 335 n. which has kvaðst hafa fundið ‘said he had found’). This accords with the statement about delay in l. 6 (see Note) and is spelt out clearly in the prose sources, e.g. in ÍF 27, 411 where Kálfr is said to regret the trap he had fallen into at Knútr’s urging, since all the promises he had made, including a jarldom and government over all Norway, had been broken.

fold ‘that land’

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fold (noun f.): land

[5] fold áðr: foldar Tóm

notes

[5, 8] lét fold fundna þér ‘said that land was found for you’: On the basis of the stanza alone, the reference to ‘land’ being ‘found’ for Kálfr could be taken to mean the grant of an estate in England, but Kálfr’s departure from England, his defence of land in Norway against Óláfr in st. 5/1-2, and the prose context make it clear that the reference is to a promise of rule in Norway. The sense of lét remains elusive. The most obvious interpretation is ‘had (land found for you)’, and this would be compatible with the first helmingr. However, lét could mean ‘said’, and this is assumed here, resulting in a more cynical view of the sincerity of Knútr’s promises (cf. ÍF 27, 335 n. which has kvaðst hafa fundið ‘said he had found’). This accords with the statement about delay in l. 6 (see Note) and is spelt out clearly in the prose sources, e.g. in ÍF 27, 411 where Kálfr is said to regret the trap he had fallen into at Knútr’s urging, since all the promises he had made, including a jarldom and government over all Norway, had been broken.

áðr ‘before’

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áðr (adv.; °//): before

[5] fold áðr: foldar Tóm

fœrir ‘you travelled’

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fara (verb; ferr, fór, fóru, farinn): go, travel

[5] fœrir: fœrit 325V, FskAˣ, 301ˣ, fœri Flat

frest ‘delay’

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2. frest (noun n.): time

notes

[6] frest urðu þess ‘there was delay in this’: I.e. in the fulfilment of Knútr’s promise of land. Frest is n. pl., hence the pl. verb urðu, lit. ‘were, came about’. Hkr 1893-1901, Skj B and Skald emend urðu to urðut, giving the opposite meaning ‘there was no delay in this’, in order to avoid the contradiction with the stanza’s statement that Kálfr did receive gifts from the king (see Hkr 1893-1901, IV). But the original reading could express an ironically understated comment that the king’s promises never materialised, or simply that conditions had to be met before the promised lands were handed over.

urðu ‘there was’

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1. verða (verb): become, be

notes

[6] frest urðu þess ‘there was delay in this’: I.e. in the fulfilment of Knútr’s promise of land. Frest is n. pl., hence the pl. verb urðu, lit. ‘were, came about’. Hkr 1893-1901, Skj B and Skald emend urðu to urðut, giving the opposite meaning ‘there was no delay in this’, in order to avoid the contradiction with the stanza’s statement that Kálfr did receive gifts from the king (see Hkr 1893-1901, IV). But the original reading could express an ironically understated comment that the king’s promises never materialised, or simply that conditions had to be met before the promised lands were handed over.

þess ‘in this’

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1. sá (pron.; °gen. þess, dat. þeim, acc. þann; f. sú, gen. þeirrar, acc. þá; n. þat, dat. því; pl. m. þeir, f. þǽ---): that (one), those

notes

[6] frest urðu þess ‘there was delay in this’: I.e. in the fulfilment of Knútr’s promise of land. Frest is n. pl., hence the pl. verb urðu, lit. ‘were, came about’. Hkr 1893-1901, Skj B and Skald emend urðu to urðut, giving the opposite meaning ‘there was no delay in this’, in order to avoid the contradiction with the stanza’s statement that Kálfr did receive gifts from the king (see Hkr 1893-1901, IV). But the original reading could express an ironically understated comment that the king’s promises never materialised, or simply that conditions had to be met before the promised lands were handed over.

vestan ‘from the west’

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vestan (prep.): from the west

líf ‘your’

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líf (noun n.; °-s; -): life

[7] líf: lið Bb, FskAˣ, 301ˣ

þitt ‘life’

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þinn (pron.; °f. þín, n. þitt): your

[7] þitt esa lítit: á lítli stundu FskAˣ, af litli stundu 301ˣ

esa ‘is not’

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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

[7] þitt esa lítit: á lítli stundu FskAˣ, af litli stundu 301ˣ;    esa (‘era’): ‘e(t)a’(?) 321ˣ

lítit ‘insignificant’

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lítill (adj.; °lítinn): little

[7] þitt esa lítit: á lítli stundu FskAˣ, af litli stundu 301ˣ

Lundúna ‘of London’

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Lundúnir (noun f.): [London]

[8] Lundúna: Lundúnu 61, 325VII, Bb

kennings

gramr ‘The lord’

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1. gramr (noun m.): ruler

kennings

fundna ‘was found’

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2. finna (verb): find, meet

[8] fundna: so 68, Kˣ, FskAˣ, 301ˣ, om. Holm2, snúnat 321ˣ, Bæb, fundit 61, 325V, Bb, Flat, fenginn 325VII, fundi Tóm

notes

[5, 8] lét fold fundna þér ‘said that land was found for you’: On the basis of the stanza alone, the reference to ‘land’ being ‘found’ for Kálfr could be taken to mean the grant of an estate in England, but Kálfr’s departure from England, his defence of land in Norway against Óláfr in st. 5/1-2, and the prose context make it clear that the reference is to a promise of rule in Norway. The sense of lét remains elusive. The most obvious interpretation is ‘had (land found for you)’, and this would be compatible with the first helmingr. However, lét could mean ‘said’, and this is assumed here, resulting in a more cynical view of the sincerity of Knútr’s promises (cf. ÍF 27, 335 n. which has kvaðst hafa fundið ‘said he had found’). This accords with the statement about delay in l. 6 (see Note) and is spelt out clearly in the prose sources, e.g. in ÍF 27, 411 where Kálfr is said to regret the trap he had fallen into at Knútr’s urging, since all the promises he had made, including a jarldom and government over all Norway, had been broken.