Þul Ásynja 3^III

Grét ‘wept’

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2. gráta (verb): weep

[1] Grét ok at Óði: ‘Geít ok audarr’ B, Get ok at óði Tˣ

notes

[1-2] Freyja grét ok gulli at Óði ‘Freyja also wept gold for Óðr’: In Gylf (SnE 2005, 29), it is told that Freyja was married to a certain Óðr (cf. mey Óðs ‘Óðr’s girl’ for Freyja in Vsp 25/6 (NK 6); see also SnE 1998, I, 30, as well as ESk Øxfl 1-3, 9 and Anon Bjark 5). Óðr is considered to be an older form of Óðinn, and it supposedly originated from Gmc *wōþu-; cf. ON óðr ‘mind, wit, soul, sense; song, poetry’ and the adj. óðr ‘frantic, furious’ (AEW: Óðinn and Óðr 2; see also ARG II, 87). Snorri tells us that when Óðr went away on long travels, Freyja stayed behind weeping, and her tears were red gold. For this reason skalds should call gold ‘Freyja’s weeping’ (cf. also Skm, SnE 1998, I, 40, 43). According to Snorri (Gylf, SnE 2005, 29), Freyja went in search of Óðr when he was missing. While on her journeys among various peoples she assumed different names, four of which (Mardǫll, Hǫrn, Gefn, Sýr) are mentioned both in the story in SnE and in the present stanza.

ok ‘also’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

[1] Grét ok at Óði: ‘Geít ok audarr’ B, Get ok at óði Tˣ

notes

[1-2] Freyja grét ok gulli at Óði ‘Freyja also wept gold for Óðr’: In Gylf (SnE 2005, 29), it is told that Freyja was married to a certain Óðr (cf. mey Óðs ‘Óðr’s girl’ for Freyja in Vsp 25/6 (NK 6); see also SnE 1998, I, 30, as well as ESk Øxfl 1-3, 9 and Anon Bjark 5). Óðr is considered to be an older form of Óðinn, and it supposedly originated from Gmc *wōþu-; cf. ON óðr ‘mind, wit, soul, sense; song, poetry’ and the adj. óðr ‘frantic, furious’ (AEW: Óðinn and Óðr 2; see also ARG II, 87). Snorri tells us that when Óðr went away on long travels, Freyja stayed behind weeping, and her tears were red gold. For this reason skalds should call gold ‘Freyja’s weeping’ (cf. also Skm, SnE 1998, I, 40, 43). According to Snorri (Gylf, SnE 2005, 29), Freyja went in search of Óðr when he was missing. While on her journeys among various peoples she assumed different names, four of which (Mardǫll, Hǫrn, Gefn, Sýr) are mentioned both in the story in SnE and in the present stanza.

at ‘for’

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3. at (prep.): at, to

[1] Grét ok at Óði: ‘Geít ok audarr’ B, Get ok at óði Tˣ

notes

[1-2] Freyja grét ok gulli at Óði ‘Freyja also wept gold for Óðr’: In Gylf (SnE 2005, 29), it is told that Freyja was married to a certain Óðr (cf. mey Óðs ‘Óðr’s girl’ for Freyja in Vsp 25/6 (NK 6); see also SnE 1998, I, 30, as well as ESk Øxfl 1-3, 9 and Anon Bjark 5). Óðr is considered to be an older form of Óðinn, and it supposedly originated from Gmc *wōþu-; cf. ON óðr ‘mind, wit, soul, sense; song, poetry’ and the adj. óðr ‘frantic, furious’ (AEW: Óðinn and Óðr 2; see also ARG II, 87). Snorri tells us that when Óðr went away on long travels, Freyja stayed behind weeping, and her tears were red gold. For this reason skalds should call gold ‘Freyja’s weeping’ (cf. also Skm, SnE 1998, I, 40, 43). According to Snorri (Gylf, SnE 2005, 29), Freyja went in search of Óðr when he was missing. While on her journeys among various peoples she assumed different names, four of which (Mardǫll, Hǫrn, Gefn, Sýr) are mentioned both in the story in SnE and in the present stanza.

Óði ‘Óðr’

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1. óðr (noun m.): poem

[1] Grét ok at Óði: ‘Geít ok audarr’ B, Get ok at óði Tˣ

notes

[1-2] Freyja grét ok gulli at Óði ‘Freyja also wept gold for Óðr’: In Gylf (SnE 2005, 29), it is told that Freyja was married to a certain Óðr (cf. mey Óðs ‘Óðr’s girl’ for Freyja in Vsp 25/6 (NK 6); see also SnE 1998, I, 30, as well as ESk Øxfl 1-3, 9 and Anon Bjark 5). Óðr is considered to be an older form of Óðinn, and it supposedly originated from Gmc *wōþu-; cf. ON óðr ‘mind, wit, soul, sense; song, poetry’ and the adj. óðr ‘frantic, furious’ (AEW: Óðinn and Óðr 2; see also ARG II, 87). Snorri tells us that when Óðr went away on long travels, Freyja stayed behind weeping, and her tears were red gold. For this reason skalds should call gold ‘Freyja’s weeping’ (cf. also Skm, SnE 1998, I, 40, 43). According to Snorri (Gylf, SnE 2005, 29), Freyja went in search of Óðr when he was missing. While on her journeys among various peoples she assumed different names, four of which (Mardǫll, Hǫrn, Gefn, Sýr) are mentioned both in the story in SnE and in the present stanza.

gulli ‘gold’

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gull (noun n.): gold

notes

[1-2] Freyja grét ok gulli at Óði ‘Freyja also wept gold for Óðr’: In Gylf (SnE 2005, 29), it is told that Freyja was married to a certain Óðr (cf. mey Óðs ‘Óðr’s girl’ for Freyja in Vsp 25/6 (NK 6); see also SnE 1998, I, 30, as well as ESk Øxfl 1-3, 9 and Anon Bjark 5). Óðr is considered to be an older form of Óðinn, and it supposedly originated from Gmc *wōþu-; cf. ON óðr ‘mind, wit, soul, sense; song, poetry’ and the adj. óðr ‘frantic, furious’ (AEW: Óðinn and Óðr 2; see also ARG II, 87). Snorri tells us that when Óðr went away on long travels, Freyja stayed behind weeping, and her tears were red gold. For this reason skalds should call gold ‘Freyja’s weeping’ (cf. also Skm, SnE 1998, I, 40, 43). According to Snorri (Gylf, SnE 2005, 29), Freyja went in search of Óðr when he was missing. While on her journeys among various peoples she assumed different names, four of which (Mardǫll, Hǫrn, Gefn, Sýr) are mentioned both in the story in SnE and in the present stanza.

Freyja ‘Freyja’

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Freyja (noun f.): Freyja

[2] Freyja: ‘fr[…]’ B, ‘freyía’ 744ˣ

notes

[1-2] Freyja grét ok gulli at Óði ‘Freyja also wept gold for Óðr’: In Gylf (SnE 2005, 29), it is told that Freyja was married to a certain Óðr (cf. mey Óðs ‘Óðr’s girl’ for Freyja in Vsp 25/6 (NK 6); see also SnE 1998, I, 30, as well as ESk Øxfl 1-3, 9 and Anon Bjark 5). Óðr is considered to be an older form of Óðinn, and it supposedly originated from Gmc *wōþu-; cf. ON óðr ‘mind, wit, soul, sense; song, poetry’ and the adj. óðr ‘frantic, furious’ (AEW: Óðinn and Óðr 2; see also ARG II, 87). Snorri tells us that when Óðr went away on long travels, Freyja stayed behind weeping, and her tears were red gold. For this reason skalds should call gold ‘Freyja’s weeping’ (cf. also Skm, SnE 1998, I, 40, 43). According to Snorri (Gylf, SnE 2005, 29), Freyja went in search of Óðr when he was missing. While on her journeys among various peoples she assumed different names, four of which (Mardǫll, Hǫrn, Gefn, Sýr) are mentioned both in the story in SnE and in the present stanza.

heiti ‘names’

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heiti (noun n.): name, promise

[3] heiti eru hennar: ‘[…]’ B, ‘heití eru hennar’ 744ˣ

eru ‘are’

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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

[3] heiti eru hennar: ‘[…]’ B, ‘heití eru hennar’ 744ˣ

hennar ‘her’

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hann (pron.; °gen. hans, dat. honum; f. hon, gen. hennar, acc. hana): he, she, it, they, them...

[3] heiti eru hennar: ‘[…]’ B, ‘heití eru hennar’ 744ˣ

Hǫrn ‘Hǫrn’

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2. Hǫrn (noun f.): [Hörn, Hǫrn]

[4] Hǫrn ok Þrungva: hǫrn ok þungra A, B, C, ‘[…]’ R, ‘hio᷎rn þrungra’ Tˣ

notes

[4] Hǫrn: This name is usually connected with ON hǫrr m. ‘flax, linen’ (cf. ModSwed. dialects hör). Such place names as Härnevi (< ON *Hǫrnavé ‘temple of Hǫrn’) attested in Uppland, Sweden, as well as Järnevi (in Östergötland) of the same origin, most likely imply that there was an old and locally restricted cult of Hǫrn (Turville-Petre 1964, 178). The name is frequently used by skalds as a base-word in kennings for ‘woman’, and it is probably also listed in Þul Kvenna II 1/7 (by emendation; see Note there).

ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

[4] Hǫrn ok Þrungva: hǫrn ok þungra A, B, C, ‘[…]’ R, ‘hio᷎rn þrungra’ Tˣ

Þrungva ‘Þrungva’

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Þrungva (noun f.)

[4] Hǫrn ok Þrungva: hǫrn ok þungra A, B, C, ‘[…]’ R, ‘hio᷎rn þrungra’ Tˣ

notes

[4] Þrungva: The mss have ‘þrungra’ (Tˣ) and ‘þungra’ (A, B and C). The latter form may have been confused with the Old Norse adj. þungr ‘heavy, weighty’. Although Þungra occurs twice in skaldic poetry of the C12th and C14th, and in both instances in kennings for ‘woman’ (in Anon Pl 50/3^VII and EGils Guðkv 35/3^IV, which contain other heiti known only from the þulur), Finnur Jónsson believes that it is a corrupt form of Þrungva (Skj B; LP: þungra; see also SnE 1998, II, 526). Kock retains the reading Þungra in Skald (see also NN §1256).

Sýr ‘Sýr’

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3. Sýr (noun f.; °sýr/sýrar/sýrs(i cogn.), acc. sú): Sýr

[5] Sýr Skjǫlf ok Gefn: ‘sýr skíalf ok […]f[…]’ B, ‘sýr skíalf ok gefn’ 744ˣ, ‘[…]’ R, sýr skjalf gefn Tˣ, ‘syr skialf ok giof’ C

notes

[5] Sýr: This name for Freyja can hardly mean anything but ‘sow’, and it refers to her function as a goddess of fertility (Turville-Petre 1964, 176; ARG II, 328). Pigs were associated with Freyja as well as with her brother Freyr (see Yngvi-Freyr in Þul Ása I l. 7, Þul Ása II l. 4), and in Hyndl 5-7, this goddess is said to be riding her boar Hildisvín to Valhǫll. For other suggested interpretations of this name (e.g. as dea Syria, the goddess of Syria), see ÍO: Sýr 3. In skaldic poetry the name occurs as a determinant in kennings for ‘gold’ and as a base-word in kennings for ‘giantess’ and ‘valkyrie’.

Skjǫlf ‘Skjálf’

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Skjǫlf (noun f.): Skjǫlf

[5] Sýr Skjǫlf ok Gefn: ‘sýr skíalf ok […]f[…]’ B, ‘sýr skíalf ok gefn’ 744ˣ, ‘[…]’ R, sýr skjalf gefn Tˣ, ‘syr skialf ok giof’ C

notes

[5] Skjǫlf: The origin of Skjǫlf is uncertain. According to Schröder (1941, 155), the name means ‘pod’ (cf. OHG sceliva ‘husk, shell’), thus referring to Freyja as a goddess of fertility. ÍO: Skjálf 2 connects the name with skjálf ‘shelf, seat’. For a discussion of the etymology of this name, see Gade (1985b). As a name for Freyja, Skjǫlf is found only in the present þula, but it is the name of a legendary queen in Þjóð Yt 9/3^I.

ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

[5] Sýr Skjǫlf ok Gefn: ‘sýr skíalf ok […]f[…]’ B, ‘sýr skíalf ok gefn’ 744ˣ, ‘[…]’ R, sýr skjalf gefn Tˣ, ‘syr skialf ok giof’ C

Gefn ‘Gefn’

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Gefn (noun f.): Gefn

[5] Sýr Skjǫlf ok Gefn: ‘sýr skíalf ok […]f[…]’ B, ‘sýr skíalf ok gefn’ 744ˣ, ‘[…]’ R, sýr skjalf gefn Tˣ, ‘syr skialf ok giof’ C

notes

[5] Gefn: This name for Freyja is usually derived from the strong verb gefa ‘give’, and thus implies that the goddess is the giver of riches, fertility and wellbeing (see ARG II, 293, 329). This must also be the meaning of Gefjun (see Note to st. 1/5 above), but she appears in myth as a separate goddess. Ström (1967, 189) identifies Gefjun with Freyja, however, and considers her a hypostasis of the latter. The name Gefn is often found in kennings for ‘valkyrie’, ‘woman’ and ‘giantess’.

ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

[6] ok it sama Mardǫll: ‘ok híd[…]a mardo᷎ll’ B, ‘ok hið . . ma mardo᷎ll’ 744ˣ, ‘[…]’ R

it ‘’

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2. inn (art.): the

[6] ok it sama Mardǫll: ‘ok híd[…]a mardo᷎ll’ B, ‘ok hið . . ma mardo᷎ll’ 744ˣ, ‘[…]’ R

sama ‘likewise’

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samr (adj.; °compar. -ari): same

[6] ok it sama Mardǫll: ‘ok híd[…]a mardo᷎ll’ B, ‘ok hið . . ma mardo᷎ll’ 744ˣ, ‘[…]’ R

Mardǫll ‘Mardǫll’

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Mardǫll (noun f.): Mardǫll

[6] ok it sama Mardǫll: ‘ok híd[…]a mardo᷎ll’ B, ‘ok hið . . ma mardo᷎ll’ 744ˣ, ‘[…]’ R

notes

[6] Mardǫll: The first element in this name is probably marr m. ‘sea’, and the second may be related to the personal names Dalla and Dellingr (see Note to Þul Dverga 3/7); cf. OE deall ‘proud, celebrated’ and MIr. dellrad ‘glitter’ (ÍO: Dalla 3). De Vries (ARG II, 328) believes that the name is connected with Freyja’s precious property, the necklace Brísingamen, and has a parallel in Heimdallr (see Þul Ása I l. 9). However, based on the variant reading ‘Marþavll’ in ms. U(10r) of SnE, Pipping (1925, 6) argues that the second element in this name is identical with þǫll f. ‘fir-tree’; cf. ModIcel. marþöll ‘western hemlock’ (Tsuga heterophylla), a type of fir-tree growing near the sea. Other than in Gylf (SnE 2005, 29), the name occurs only as a determinant in kennings for ‘gold’ of the type tár Mardallar ‘tears of Mardǫll’.

dœtr ‘daughers’

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dóttir (noun f.; °dóttur, dat. dóttur/dǿtr/dóttir, acc. dóttur/dóttir, nom. dóttir/dóttur; dǿtr, gen. dǿtra (cf. [$1592$])): daughter

[7] dœtr eru hennar: ‘dętr eru h[…]r’ B, ‘dętr eru hennar’ 744ˣ, ‘[…]’ R

eru ‘are’

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2. vera (verb): be, is, was, were, are, am

[7] dœtr eru hennar: ‘dętr eru h[…]r’ B, ‘dętr eru hennar’ 744ˣ, ‘[…]’ R

hennar ‘her’

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hann (pron.; °gen. hans, dat. honum; f. hon, gen. hennar, acc. hana): he, she, it, they, them...

[7] dœtr eru hennar: ‘dętr eru h[…]r’ B, ‘dętr eru hennar’ 744ˣ, ‘[…]’ R

Hnoss ‘Hnoss’

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1. hnoss (noun f.; °; -ir): treasure

[8] Hnoss ok Gersimi: ‘hno[…] ok gers[…]’ B, ‘hnoss ok gersíme’ 744ˣ

notes

[8] Hnoss: See this name in st. 2/2 above, where it is listed among the names of other goddesses.

ok ‘and’

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3. ok (conj.): and, but; also

[8] Hnoss ok Gersimi: ‘hno[…] ok gers[…]’ B, ‘hnoss ok gersíme’ 744ˣ

Gersimi ‘Gersimi’

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gǫrsemi (noun f.): costly thing, treasure

[8] Hnoss ok Gersimi: ‘hno[…] ok gers[…]’ B, ‘hnoss ok gersíme’ 744ˣ

notes

[8] Gersimi: Lit. ‘jewel’. Here, as in Yng, two names of the daughters of Freyja and Óðr are given (Yng ch. 10, ÍF 26, 25): Dœtr hennar hétu Hnoss ok Gersimi. Þær váru fagrar mjǫk. Af þeira nafni eru svá kallaðir inir dýrstu gripir ‘Her daughters were called Hnoss and Gersimi. They were very beautiful. Their names are given to the most precious of valuables’. Gylf (SnE 2005, 29) mentions only one child of Freyja and Óðr, and that is Hnoss.