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Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages

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Þul Galtar 1III

Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Galtar heiti 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 900.

Anonymous ÞulurGaltar heiti1

Gǫltr, valglitnir,         gríss ok hrímnir,
svíntarr, runi,         Sæhrímnir, bǫrgr,
rái, valbassi,         røðr, drittroði,
þrór, vigrir, skunpr,         þróndr, Vaningi.

Gǫltr, valglitnir, gríss ok hrímnir, svíntarr, runi, Sæhrímnir, bǫrgr, rái, valbassi, røðr, drittroði, þrór, vigrir, skunpr, þróndr, Vaningi.

Boar, slaughter-glittering one, pig and sooty one, svíntarr, hog, Sæhrímnir, castrated boar, rái, slaughter-bear, røðr, dirt-stepper, thriver, vigrir, skunpr, thriving one, Vanr-born one.

Mss: R(44r), Tˣ(46r), C(13r), A(20r), B(9v), 744ˣ(81v) (SnE)

Readings: [1] Gǫltr: ‘[…]aulltr’ B, ‘Gaulltr’ 744ˣ;    valglitnir: ‘va[…]glitnir’ C, ‘valg[…]nir’ B, valglitnir 744ˣ    [2] gríss: ‘g[…]s’ B, ‘griss’ 744ˣ;    ok: om. A, 744ˣ, ‘[…]’ B;    hrímnir: so Tˣ, ‘hrinnir’ R, ‘hrinir’ C, ‘irminir’ A, ‘vímnir’ B    [3] svíntarr: svíntanni Tˣ;    runi: ‘r[…]ni’ C    [4] Sæhrímnir: ‘scrimnir’ Tˣ, ok sæhrímnir C;    bǫrgr: so Tˣ, C, A, baugr R, ‘borgr’ B    [5] rái: so A, tarr R, ‘rarr’ Tˣ, ‘rar’ C, ‘ras’ B;    valbassi: ‘va[…]asse’ B, ‘valbasse’ 744ˣ    [6] røðr: so Tˣ, om. R, C, ‘roðr’ A, ‘rodr’ B;    drit‑: ‘dritt‑’ A, B    [7] vigrir: ‘vignir’ C, viðrir A, ‘vi[…]’ B, ‘ví . .’ 744ˣ;    skunpr: ‘skrvmpr’ or ‘skrvnpr’ A, ‘[…]pr’ B, ‘. . . . pr’ 744ˣ    [8] þróndr: þrǫndr R, Tˣ, A, B, ‘þr[…]’ C;    Vaningi: vanningi Tˣ, A, ‘van[…]ni’ C

Editions: Skj AI, 677, Skj BI, 670, Skald I, 335; SnE 1848-87, I, 590-1, II, 484, 568, 626-7, SnE 1931, 211, SnE 1998, I, 132.  

Notes: [1] valglitnir (m.) ‘slaughter-glittering one’: An otherwise unattested cpd, most likely from valr m. ‘slain in battle’ and glitnir m. ‘shining one, glittering one’ (cf. glitnir ‘shining one’ and vígglitnir ‘war-glittering one’, Þul Hesta 1/3 and 2/5). Alternatively, the word could mean ‘pleasant-shiner’ (so SnE 1998, II, 420), in which the first element is either val- ‘selected, costly’ (from val n. ‘choice’) or val- (from valir ‘Welsh’, used in poetic compounds to designate luxurious foreign objects). — [2] hrímnir (m.) ‘sooty one’: This heiti means either ‘dark, sooty one’ (from hrím n. ‘soot’) or ‘screamer’ (from hreimr m. ‘scream, cry’). See Note to Þul Hjálms 1/4. Hrímnir is a giant-name (Þul Jǫtna I 1/5), and in the þulur the word is a heiti for ‘fire’ and ‘hawk’ (Þul Elds 1/8, Þul Hauks 1/4). Hrímnir is also used as a second element in certain mythical names (see Note to Sæhrímnir, l. 4 below). As a boar-heiti, hrímnir is found only in the present þula, but it appears with the sense ‘boar’ in several compounds, such as Sæhrímnir (l. 4) and valhrímnir ‘slaughter-boar’ (Þul Hjálms 1/4). — [3] svíntarr: A hap. leg. from svín n. ‘swine’ and tarr. The latter is an obscure word, which is found only in the present list, and whose meaning and etymology have not been established. For suggested explanations, see Holthausen (1942, 269), ÍO: ‑tarr and AEW: tarr. The variant svíntanni ‘swine-toothed one’ (not attested elsewhere) must be a lectio facilior. — [4] Sæhrímnir: A mythical boar cooked each day in the pot Eldhrímnir by the cook Andhrímnir to feed the einherjar (Óðinn’s warriors) in Valhǫll (Grí 18; Gylf, SnE 2005, 32). For the possible meaning of this name, see Note to hrímnir ‘sooty one’ (l. 2); the first element - is most likely derived from sær m. ‘sea’. — [4] bǫrgr (m.) ‘castrated boar’: A male, castrated pig (cf. ModEngl. (obsolete) barrow, OE bearg, OHG barug, barah ‘castrated boar’; AEW: bǫrgr). — [5] rái: So A and adopted in Skj B and Skald. The heiti is a hap. leg. and its origin is not clear. It has been connected with the adj. rámr ‘hoarse’ (hence, ‘hoarse-screamer’; see AEW: rái), but that suggestion is tenuous. Alternatively, rái could be related to ráði m. ‘boar’ (cf. OE wræð ‘swineherd’) or, which is more likely, it may be a corrupt form of that heiti (an explanation preferred in AEW: rái). The R variant, tarr, is unmetrical and is possibly caused by svíntarr in l. 3 (see Note there). The variants found in other mss (see the Readings above) cannot be construed as Old Norse words. — [5] valbassi (m.) ‘slaughter-bear’: An otherwise unattested cpd. For the meaning of val-, see valglitnir ‘slaughter-glittering one’ (l. 1 above); for bassi m. ‘bear’, see Note to Þul Bjarnar l. 5. — [6] røðr: This is an obscure word that is omitted in R, and it is not clear whether it has been transmitted correctly (spelled ‘ro᷎dr’ (), ‘roðr’ (A) and ‘rǫðr’ (B)). Røðr could be a variant of ráði, a poetic term for ‘boar’ (see ráði under rái in l. 5 and ÍO: röður, røðr). — [6] drittroði (m.) ‘dirt-stepper’: Not attested elsewhere and most likely formed from drit n. ‘dirt, shit’ and an agent noun from the strong verb troða ‘step, tread’. Alternatively, the second element could be derived from røðr (see the preceding heiti). — [7] þrór (m.) ‘thriver’: Related to the weak verb þróask ‘thrive, grow’. As a boar-name the word occurs only in this þula, but see also Þrór in Þul Óðins 8/4 (see Note there), Þul Dverga 4/5 and Þul Sverða 3/5 (and Note). — [7] vigrir (m.): A hap. leg. possibly related to the strong verb vega ‘kill’ (so AEW: vigrir). Alternatively, vigrir could be derived from vigr f. ‘spear’ (ÍO: vigrir) and refer to a boar’s tusks (med tænder som spyd ‘with spear-like teeth’, so LP: vigrir). If the vowel is long (vígrir), the word could be related to the adj. vígr ‘warlike’. — [7] skunpr: A hap. leg. and an obscure word. It is possible that skunpr is a corrupt form of skunkr (so LP: skunkr), which could be related to New Norw. skunka ‘push, set in motion’, ModSwed. dialects skunka ‘spring, swing, set in motion’ (ÍO: skunkur). — [8] þróndr (m.) ‘thriving one’: A hap. leg. possibly connected with the weak verb þróast ‘thrive, grow’ (see ÍO: þrónd(u)r and Note to þrór in l. 7 above). The ms. reading (normalised þrôndr in Skj B and Skald) is difficult to account for, unless it is a proper name (cf. the m. pers. n. Þrándr; see SnE 1998, II, 525). — [8] Vaningi (m.) ‘Vanr-born one’: In Skí 37/6, vaningi refers to Freyr, a god of the Vanir family. According to de Vries (AEW: vaningi), the word is most likely derived from Vanr (pl. Vanir), a member of the family of the gods of fertility, and gengi m. ‘help, support’. For other interpretations, see ÍO: vaningi 1 and SnE 1998, II, 421. As a boar-heiti the word does not occur elsewhere.

References

  1. Bibliography
  2. Skj B = Finnur Jónsson, ed. 1912-15b. Den norsk-islandske skjaldedigtning. B: Rettet tekst. 2 vols. Copenhagen: Villadsen & Christensen. Rpt. 1973. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde & Bagger.
  3. SnE 1848-87 = Snorri Sturluson. 1848-87. Edda Snorra Sturlusonar: Edda Snorronis Sturlaei. Ed. Jón Sigurðsson et al. 3 vols. Copenhagen: Legatum Arnamagnaeanum. Rpt. Osnabrück: Zeller, 1966.
  4. Skald = Kock, Ernst Albin, ed. 1946-50. Den norsk-isländska skaldediktningen. 2 vols. Lund: Gleerup.
  5. AEW = Vries, Jan de. 1962. Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. 2nd rev. edn. Rpt. 1977. Leiden: Brill.
  6. LP = Finnur Jónsson, ed. 1931. Lexicon poeticum antiquæ linguæ septentrionalis: Ordbog over det norsk-islandske skjaldesprog oprindelig forfattet af Sveinbjörn Egilsson. 2nd edn. Copenhagen: Møller.
  7. ÍO = Ásgeir Blöndal Magnússon. 1989. Íslensk orðsifjabók. Reykjavík: Orðabók Háskólans.
  8. SnE 1931 = Snorri Sturluson. 1931. Edda Snorra Sturlusonar. Ed. Finnur Jónsson. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.
  9. SnE 1998 = Snorri Sturluson. 1998. Edda: Skáldskaparmál. Ed. Anthony Faulkes. 2 vols. University College London: Viking Society for Northern Research.
  10. SnE 2005 = Snorri Sturluson. 2005. Edda: Prologue and Gylfaginning. Ed. Anthony Faulkes. 2nd edn. University College London: Viking Society for Northern Research.
  11. Holthausen, Ferdinand. 1942. ‘Etymologisches und Grammatisches’. BGDSL 66, 265-75.
  12. Internal references
  13. (forthcoming), ‘ Snorri Sturluson, Gylfaginning’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=113> (accessed 28 March 2024)
  14. Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Jǫtna heiti I 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 707.
  15. Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Dverga heiti 4’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 699.
  16. Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Óðins nǫfn 8’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 751.
  17. Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Sverða heiti 3’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 794.
  18. Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Elds heiti 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 921.
  19. Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Hesta heiti 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 935.
  20. Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Hjálms heiti 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 828.
  21. Elena Gurevich (ed.) 2017, ‘Anonymous Þulur, Hauks heiti 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 941.
  22. Not published: do not cite ()
  23. Not published: do not cite ()
  24. Elena Gurevich 2017, ‘ Anonymous, Bjarnar heiti’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 895. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=3213> (accessed 28 March 2024)
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