[1-2]: These lines are mirrored in Saxo 2015, I, vii. 9. 15, ll. 1, 4, pp. 508-9: Ad caput affixus clypeus mihi Sueticus astat, ‘By my head stands fixed a Swedish shield’, which depicts proceres pugilesque subactos ‘princes destroyed, champions overthrown’. The reference to a shield painted or otherwise inscribed with images (or possibly names) of dead warriors suggests an affinity with the Carolingian and early Scandinavian pictorial poem or ekphrasis (cf. Clunies Ross 2007; Fuglesang 2007).