4.4.2. Metres that developed from fornyrðislag with changes in syllable count
Kari Ellen Gade 2012, ‘Metres that developed from fornyrðislag with changes in syllable count’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. lxv-lxvii.
The innovations consist of changes in syllable count (subtraction and addition) and, in some cases, the addition of internal rhyme: kviðuháttr (catalectic trisyllabic; no internal rhyme); dróttkvætt (six syllables with an added cadence and internal rhyme), hrynhent (eight syllables; two syllables added to the dróttkvætt line before the cadence; internal rhyme).
| Type A: | |||||
| Fornyrðislag: | | | | ||
| Gísl Magnkv 7/1II | Sættisk síðan | ‘Reconciled himself then’ | |||
| Gísl Magnkv 12/1II | Margan hǫfðu | ‘Many had’ | |||
| Gísl Magnkv 2/5II | Fylgðu ræsi | ‘Accompanied the ruler’ | |||
| Kviðuháttr: | | | | ||
| Sturl Hákkv 9/11II | randa rjóðr | ‘the shield-rim’s reddener’ | |||
| Sturl Hákkv 1/3II | Tryggva niðs | ‘Tryggvi’s kinsman’s’ | |||
| Sturl Hákkv 11/1II | Lagði rǫsk | ‘Put the valiant’ | |||
| Dróttkvætt: | | | | ||
| ESk Lv 1/5II | Eigis Ívarr, bauga | ‘Not has Ívarr, of shields’ | |||
| VGl Lv 4/1V | Eigi sofnak, Ofnir | ‘Not do I fall asleep, Ofnir’ | |||
| ESk Ingdr 4/1II | Myndit seima sendir | ‘Would not the gold’s giver’ | |||
| Hrynhent: | | | | ||
| | |||||
| Ólhv Hryn 1/1II | Mærir glǫddusk miklu ári | ‘Illustrious were gladdened by the great prosperity’ | |||
| Arn Hryn 4/7II | geystisk hlýr, en hristi bára | ‘surged on the bow, and shook the billow’ | |||
| Ólhv Hryn 2/7II | errinn bjó með herskip harri | ‘the bold filled with warships lord’ | |||
| Ólhv Hryn 6/5II | Stórr vas harmr, þars stríddu harrar | ‘Great was the sorrow when the lords fought’ | |||
| Type B: |
| ||||
| Fornyrðislag: | | | |||
| Ív Sig 11/7II | áðr Saxa sjǫt | ‘before the Saxons’ dwellings’ | |||
| Ív Sig 42/3II | sás manna vas | ‘who of men was’ | |||
| Dróttkvætt: | | ||||
| Steinn Óldr 7/3II | þars heilagr gramr hvílir ‘where the holy ruler rests’ | ||||
| This type is not attested in kviðuháttr and hrynhent and it is rare in dróttkvætt. | |||||
| Type C: | |||||
| Fornyrðislag: | | | |||
| Gísl Magnkv 15/5II | Braut dýrr dreki | ‘Broke the precious dragon’ | |||
| Ív Sig 2/5II | unz siklingar | ‘until the chieftains’ | |||
| Kviðuháttr: | | ||||
| Sturl Hákkv 2/1II | En lofðungs | ‘And the lord’s’ | |||
| Dróttkvætt: | | ||||
| Steinn Nizv 5/5II | hvárt hugfylldir halda | ‘whether the courage-filled protect’ | |||
| This type is not attested in hrynhent. | |||||
| Type D: | |||||
| Fornyrðislag: | | | |||
| Gísl Magnkv 2/7II | linns láðgefendr | ‘the snake’s land-dispensers’ | |||
| Gísl Magnkv 6/7II | láðgǫfguðum | ‘the land-endowed’ | |||
| Kviðuháttr: | | | |||
| Anon Nkt 70/7II | verðr vinsæll | ‘becomes the popular’ | |||
| Þjóð Yt 2/3I | salvǫrðuðr | ‘hall-guard’ | |||
| Dróttkvætt: | | ||||
| Sigv Berv 10/7II | tármútaris teitir | ‘tear-hawk’s gladdener’ | |||
| Hrynhent: | | | |||
| Gamlkan Jóndr 1/3VII | ráðeflandi, risnu prúðan ‘counsel-provider, in munificence splendid’ | ||||
| Ólhv Hryn 3/1II | Þing stofnuðu jǫfrar ungir ‘An assembly called young lords’ | ||||
| This type is rare in odd hrynhent lines until the fourteenth century. | |||||
| Type D4: |
| ||||
| Fornyrðislag: | | | |||
| Ív Sig 40/5II | Raufsk ræsis lið | ‘Scattered the ruler’s troop’ | |||
| Gísl Magnkv 3/7II | óþrotligt lið | ‘indefatigable crew’ | |||
| Dróttkvætt: | | ||||
| Steinn Óldr 2/1II | Ungr vísi, lézt Úsu | ‘Young ruler, you let the Ouse’ | |||
| Hrynhent: | | | |||
| Ólhv Hryn 2/1II | Orð sendi þá jǫfri Þrœnda | ‘A message sent then to the prince of the Þrœndir’ | |||
| Ólhv Hryn 3/5II | Alt lagði þá frǫmuðr frægða | ‘The entire put then the promoter of glorious deeds’ | |||
References
- Internal references
- Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Anonymous Poems, Nóregs konungatal 70’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 803-4.
- Diana Whaley (ed.) 2009, ‘Arnórr jarlaskáld Þórðarson, Hrynhenda, Magnússdrápa 4’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 187-9.
- Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Einarr Skúlason, Ingadrápa 4’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 565.
- Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Einarr Skúlason, Lausavísur 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 568-9.
- Beatrice La Farge (ed.) 2007, ‘Gamli kanóki, Jónsdrápa 1’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 133-4.
- Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Gísl Illugason, Erfikvæði about Magnús berfœttr 12’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 424-5.
- Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Gísl Illugason, Erfikvæði about Magnús berfœttr 15’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 426-7.
- Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Gísl Illugason, Erfikvæði about Magnús berfœttr 2’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 418.
- Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Gísl Illugason, Erfikvæði about Magnús berfœttr 3’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 418-19.
- Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Gísl Illugason, Erfikvæði about Magnús berfœttr 6’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 420-1.
- Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Gísl Illugason, Erfikvæði about Magnús berfœttr 7’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 421.
- Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Ívarr Ingimundarson, Sigurðarbálkr 11’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 508.
- Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Ívarr Ingimundarson, Sigurðarbálkr 40’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 524-5.
- Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Ívarr Ingimundarson, Sigurðarbálkr 42’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 525-6.
- Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Ívarr Ingimundarson, Sigurðarbálkr 2’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 503.
- Lauren Goetting (ed.) 2009, ‘Óláfr hvítaskáld Þórðarson, Hrynhenda 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 658-9.
- Lauren Goetting (ed.) 2009, ‘Óláfr hvítaskáld Þórðarson, Hrynhenda 2’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 659-60.
- Lauren Goetting (ed.) 2009, ‘Óláfr hvítaskáld Þórðarson, Hrynhenda 3’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 660-1.
- Lauren Goetting (ed.) 2009, ‘Óláfr hvítaskáld Þórðarson, Hrynhenda 6’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 663-4.
- Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Bersǫglisvísur 10’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 21-2.
- Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Steinn Herdísarson, Nizarvísur 5’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 363-4.
- Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Steinn Herdísarson, Óláfsdrápa 7’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 373-4.
- Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Steinn Herdísarson, Óláfsdrápa 2’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 369-70.
- Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Sturla Þórðarson, Hákonarkviða 1’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 699-700.
- Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Sturla Þórðarson, Hákonarkviða 9’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 706.
- Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Sturla Þórðarson, Hákonarkviða 11’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 708.
- Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Sturla Þórðarson, Hákonarkviða 2’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 700-1.
- Edith Marold (ed.) 2012, ‘Þjóðólfr ór Hvini, Ynglingatal 2’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 10.
- John McKinnell (ed.) 2022, ‘Víga-Glúms saga 4 (Víga-Glúmr Eyjólfsson, Lausavísur 4)’ in Margaret Clunies Ross, Kari Ellen Gade and Tarrin Wills (eds), Poetry in Sagas of Icelanders. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 5. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1379.