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The Old Norse World

The Old Norse World

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Vol. I. Poetry for Scandinavian Rulers 1: From Mythological Times to c. 1035 8. Volume Introduction 4. Biographies 4.1. Ruler biographies 4.1.a. Kings and jarls of Norway 9. Óláfr II inn helgi Haraldsson (r. c. 1015-1030)

9. Óláfr II inn helgi Haraldsson (r. c. 1015-1030)

Óláfr helgi (S. Óláfr) was the son of Haraldr grenski ‘from Grenland’, a petty king in south-east Norway, and Ásta Guðbrandsdóttir. The younger saga tradition makes Óláfr a great-great-grandson of Haraldr hárfagri (q. v.), though as with similar claims about Óláfr Tryggvason (q. v.) this has been doubted by some scholars (see Andersen 1977, 115; Krag 1989; Krag 2002). Óláfr’s father died around the time of his birth (usually dated to 995, though quite possibly earlier), and Óláfr grew up with his mother and his stepfather Sigurðr sýr ‘Sow’, in Hringaríki (Ringerike). Óláfr apparently began his viking career at the traditional age of twelve, with raids around Scandinavia and the Baltic; he also fought in England, sharing the proceeds of some very large Danegeld payments, in France (he was baptised in Normandy), and seemingly in Spain. His career in England ‘has given an astonishing amount of trouble to English historians’ (Campbell 1998, 76). In 1015 he set out for Norway, with the intention of reclaiming his ancestral lands and spreading Christianity. By this time Eiríkr jarl Hákonarson (q. v.) had been summoned to England to fight in Knútr’s army, and his son Hákon jarl Eiríksson (q. v.) was in control, together with his uncle Sveinn jarl Hákonarson (q. v.). Óláfr landed at Selja (Selje) in southern Sogn. He captured and subjugated Hákon in Sauðungssund (Sauesund) c. 1015; Hákon departed for England shortly afterwards. Sveinn jarl, supported by the chieftains Erlingr Skjálgsson (see ‘Biographies of other dignitaries’ below) and Einarr þambarskelfir ‘Paunch-shaker’ (?) seems to have resisted Óláfr, for instance by burning down the Christian settlement of Niðaróss (Nidaros, Trondheim). Óláfr eventually defeated Sveinn’s forces at the battle of Nesjar (peninsulas between Langesundsfjorden and Tønsbergfjorden, Vestfold, Norway) on Palm Sunday 1016. Sveinn fled east, and did not return to Norway.

Óláfr converted the inland regions of Norway to Christianity, often by force, and brought them under centralised rule, while his bishops, many of them English, introduced church law and ecclesiastical administration. He won the support of northern and western coastal magnates including Erlingr Skjálgsson and Einarr þambarskelfir, and became the first king to rule directly over most of the territory of modern Norway. But by the early 1020s Knútr was king of both England and Denmark, while Óláfr allied with the Swedish king Ǫnundr (Jákob) Óláfsson, whose sister Ástríðr he had recently married. Óláfr and Ǫnundr fought Knútr’s fleet at the estuary of Á in helga (Helgeå) c. 1026, but the outcome of the battle was inconclusive. Helgeå is usually located in Skåne, but Uppland has also been suggested (Gräslund 1986; Moberg 1987 favours Skåne, while envisaging later action in Uppland; see further Note to Ótt Knútdr 11/3). Knútr responded by cultivating the Norwegian chieftains. Erlingr Skjálgsson turned against Óláfr and engaged with him at Bókn (Bokn in Boknafjorden, Rogaland) in December 1027 (1028 in some sources). Despite surrendering, Erlingr was killed by the king’s party. Óláfr’s support in the country collapsed after that and he fled to Jarizleifr (Jaroslav of Kiev-Novgorod), another brother-in-law. Knútr then claimed the Norwegian crown and reinstated Hákon Eiríksson as his jarl in Norway. But when Hákon drowned at sea in 1029, Óláfr returned from Russia to reconquer his kingdom. He enjoyed the support of Swedish troops supplied by Ǫnundr, and of the Árnasynir, Þorbergr, Finnr and Árni, his young half-brother Haraldr Sigurðarson (later harðráði ‘Hard-ruler’) and the Orcadian Rǫgnvaldr jarl Brúsason. The opposition, however, constituted the largest force the country had ever seen, according to the sagas. Norwegian magnates including Þórir hundr ‘Dog’, Hárekr ór Þjóttu ‘from Þjótta (Tjøtta)’ and Kálfr Árnason (dissenting from his brothers) had been antagonised by Óláfr and/or recruited by Knútr, and took command of a large army of aggrieved farmers from Trøndelag and elsewhere (see further Andersen 1977, 123-8, 129-32 on the factors leading to the conflict). The two sides met at the iconic battle of Stiklastaðir (Stiklestad) in inland Trøndelag (some 70 kilometres north-east of Trondheim) on 29 July 1030. Óláfr was killed and his army routed. Sources differ as to who dealt the king his fatal wounds (McDougall and McDougall 1998, 87), but Þórir hundr and Kálfr Árnason are prominent among those mentioned. Óláfr’s body was secretly moved to Niðaróss (Trondheim), where miracles were soon associated with it (see Turville-Petre 1951a, 159-64). After a year, the body was exhumed and found to be uncorrupted. Óláfr’s remains were duly enshrined near the high altar of the church at Niðaróss, and his cult flourished (see Cormack 1994, 143-4). Óláfr’s posthumous nickname inn helgi ‘the holy, Saint’ replaced an earlier nickname digri ‘the Stout’.

See Anon Nkt 25-31II (c. 1190); Theodoricus (MHN 21-3; McDougall and McDougall 1998, 19-23, 25-6, 29-31); HN (MHN 109, 119-24; Kunin and Phelpstead 2001, 23-5); Ágr (ÍF 29, 24-32; Ágr 2008, 34-47); Fsk (ÍF 29, 167-201; Finlay 2004, 133-58); ÓHLeg 1982; ÓHHkr (ÍF 27; Hollander 1964a, 245-537). Skáldatal (SnE 1848-87, III, 253, 261, 274) lists as Óláfr’s poets: Sigvatr Þórðarson (Sigv), Óttarr svarti (Ótt), Bersi Skáld-Torfuson (Bersi), Þórðr Kolbeinsson (ÞKolb), Þorfinnr munnr (Þorf), Þormóðr Kolbrúnarskáld (Þorm) and Hofgarða-Refr (RefrIII). Ms. 761ax alone (U being in error here) names Gizurr svarti (gullbrárskáld, Gizsv) and Þórðr Sjáreksson (ÞSjár), as well as Skapti Þóroddsson (SkaptiIII), by whom no poetry for Óláfr survives.

Events documented in poetry: Óláfr’s voyages to Denmark (Ótt Hfl 3) and the Baltic (Ótt Hfl 4); his early raids on vikings off ‘Sótasker’ in Sweden (Sigv Víkv 1), on Sweden and Gotland (Ótt Hfl 6, 7), Eysýsla (Saaremaa, Sigv Víkv 2; Ótt Hfl 7), the Finnar (Sigv Víkv 3), Suðrvík (Søndervik in Jutland, Sigv Víkv 4), ‘Kinnlimasíða’ (Sigv Víkv 5), London (Sigv Víkv 6; Ótt Hfl 8), Súðvirki (Southwark, Sigv Víkv 6), Hringmaraheiðr (Ringmere Heath, Sigv Víkv 7; Ótt Hfl 9), Kantaraborg (Canterbury, Sigv Víkv 8; Ótt Hfl 10), the ‘Partar’ (Sigv Víkv 8); ‘Nýjamoða’ in England (Sigv Víkv 9), the English (Ótt Hfl 11), ‘Hringsfjǫrðr’ and ‘Hóll’ in France (Sigv Víkv 10), ‘Gríslupollr’, ‘Fetlafjǫrðr’, ‘Seljupollar’ and ‘Gunnvaldsborg’, all in Spain (Sigv Víkv 11-13), Leira (Loire), ‘Varrandi’, Peita (Poitou) and Túskaland (Touraine), all in France (Sigv Víkv 14; Ótt Hfl 12); Óláfr’s assistance to King Æthelred (Ótt Hfl 13); his return to his ancestral lands in Norway (Ótt Hfl 14-16); his capture of Hákon jarl’s warship in Sauðungssund (Sauesund) c. 1015 (Sigv Víkv 15; Ótt Hfl 16); the battle of Nesjar c. 1016 (Sigv Nesv; Bersi Ólfl); Óláfr’s hanging of captured Swedes (Sigv ErfÓl 1); his acquisition of power in Upplǫnd (Opplandene, Sigv ErfÓl 2); his retribution against opponents in Hedmark (Ótt Hfl 17); his driving out of opponents and consolidation of territory (Ótt Hfl 18-19); his establishment of order in Norway (Sigv Óldr; Sigv ErfÓl 4-6); his rule over Shetland and Orkney (Ótt Hfl 20); his bid to annexe Grímsey resisted (Eþver Lv 1); Óláfr refuses a demand from Knútr (Sigv Lv 12); launching of the ship Visundr ‘Bison’ (Sigv ErfÓl 3); Óláfr sails a fleet south and, in alliance with King Ǫnundr of Sweden, attacks Denmark (Anon (ÓH); Sigv Knútdr 3-6); Knútr sails a great fleet through Limafjǫrðr (Limfjorden, Sigv Knútdr 7-8) and prevents them from plundering (Sigv Knútdr 9); the battle of Á in helga (Helgeå) c. 1026 (ÞSjár Róðdr; Sigv Knútdr 9 (?); Ótt Knútdr 11); Óláfr’s retainer Hárekr sails defiantly past Knútr’s fleets (Hár Lv 1-2); the bribing of Norwegian magnates by Knútr’s men (Sigv Lv 13-15); Óláfr’s fleet outnumbered by Knútr’s (Sigv Lv 16-17); Jǫkull Bárðarson gets command of Óláfr’s captured ship (Jǫk Lv 1), but later loses his head (Jǫk Lv 2); the power of Óláfr’s opponents Erlingr Skjálgsson and Dala-Guðbrandr (Sigv Erl); the power and prowess of Erlingr (Sigv Erlfl 9-10); Óláfr’s defeat of Erlingr at Bókn (Bokn) c. 1027 (Ólhelg Lv 6-7; Sigv Erlfl; BjHall Kálffl 1-2); Óláfr goes into exile in Garðar (Russia, BjHall Kálffl 3); the battle of Stiklastaðir (Stiklestad) in 1030 (Sigv ErfÓl 7-20; Gizsv Lv 1; Þorf Lv 2; Þorm Lv 18-25); Kálfr’s role in the battle (BjHall Kálffl 5); overview of Óláfr’s reign (Sigv ErfÓl 21-2). Events following Óláfr’s fall: distress at his death (Sigv ErfÓl 26; Sigv Lv 18, 20-4); Óláfr’s sanctity, and the miracles at his shrine (Sigv ErfÓl 23-5; Þloft Glækv 3-8); news of his son Magnús Óláfsson (Sigv Lv 25); Óláfr’s widow Ástríðr raises Swedish support for her stepson Magnús (Sigv Ást); Magnús’s return to Norway (Sigv Lv 28-9; BjHall Kálffl 6, 7); Álfhildr’s jealousy of Queen Ástríðr (Sigv Lv 30). Events of a more informal or individual kind: Sigvatr’s journeys, as Óláfr’s emissary, to Gautland (Västergötland) c. 1019 (Sigv Austv) and England c. 1025-7 (Sigv Vestv); Óláfr’s dealings with the poet Sigvatr (Sigv Lv 2-7, 9-11, 19); Óláfr’s dealings with the poets Óttarr svarti (Ótt Lv 1), Bersi Skáld-Torfuson (Bersi Lv) and Þormóðr Kolbrúnarskáld (Þorm Lv 15-16); his dealings with Brynjólfr úlfaldi (Brúlf Lv); Sigvatr exchanges a sword for a pilgrim’s staff (Sigv ErfÓl 27). Dating from c. 1153, ESkúl GeislVII, a hagiographical drápa of seventy-one stanzas, commemorates the battle of Stiklastaðir (in sts 14-17) and catalogues the miracles of Óláfr. Óláfr himself is credited with several lausavísur: on Halldórr Rannveigarson’s poor horsemanship (Ólhelg Lv 1, to which HalldR Lv is a riposte); love for a woman/women (Ólhelg Lv 2, 4, 5, 8-9); a message to stir up a certain Karli (Ólhelg Lv 3); the killing of Erlingr Skjálgsson (Ólhelg Lv 6-7). See also Introduction to Anon Liðs. The attribution of Anon (Vǫlsa) 13 to Óláfr is presumably not intended to be taken seriously. See also Biographies of Knútr inn ríki Sveinsson and Sveinn Álfífuson.

 

References

  1. Bibliography
  2. SnE 1848-87 = Snorri Sturluson. 1848-87. Edda Snorra Sturlusonar: Edda Snorronis Sturlaei. Ed. Jón Sigurðsson et al. 3 vols. Copenhagen: Legatum Arnamagnaeanum. Rpt. Osnabrück: Zeller, 1966.
  3. Ágr = [Anonymous] Ágrip af Nóregs konunga sögum.
  4. Cormack, Margaret. 1994. The Saints in Iceland: Their Veneration from the Conversion to 1400. Studia Hagiographica 78. Brussels: Société des Bollandistes.
  5. ÓHLeg 1982 = Heinrichs, Anne et al., eds and trans. 1982. Olafs saga hins helga: Die ‘Legendarische Saga’ über Olaf den Heiligen (Hs. Delagard. saml. nr. 8II). Heidelberg: Winter.
  6. MHN = Storm, Gustav, ed. 1880. Monumenta historica Norvegiæ: Latinske kildeskrifter til Norges historie i middelalderen. Kristiania (Oslo): Brøgger. Rpt. 1973. Oslo: Aas & Wahl.
  7. ÍF 26-8 = Heimskringla. Ed. Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson. 1941-51.
  8. Campbell, Alistair, ed. 1998. Encomium Emmae Reginae. Edition of 1949 with a supplementary introduction by Simon Keynes. Camden Classic Reprints 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  9. Andersen, Per Sveaas. 1977. Samlingen av Norge og kristningen av landet 800-1130. Handbok i Norges historie 2. Bergen: Universitetsforlaget.
  10. Finlay, Alison, trans. 2004. Fagrskinna: A Catalogue of the Kings of Norway. Leiden: Brill.
  11. HN = Historia Norwegiæ. In MHN 69-124.
  12. ÍF 29 = Ágrip af Nóregskonunga sǫgum; Fagrskinna—Nóregs konungatal. Ed. Bjarni Einarsson. 1985.
  13. McDougall, David and Ian McDougall, trans. 1998. Theodoricus monachus. Historia de antiquitate regum norwagiensium: An Account of the Ancient History of the Norwegian Kings. Viking Society for Northern Research Text Series 11. University College, London: Viking Society for Northern Research.
  14. Theodoricus = Theodrici monachi historia de antiquitate regum Norwagiensium. In MHN 1-68.
  15. Ágr 2008 = Driscoll, Matthew J., ed. and trans. 2008. Ágrip af Nóregskonungasǫgum: A Twelfth-Century Synoptic History of the Kings of Norway. 2nd edn. Viking Society for Northern Research Text Series 10. University College London: Viking Society for Northern Research.
  16. Krag, Claus. 1989. ‘Norge som odel i Harald hårfagres ætt’. HT(N) 68, 288-302.
  17. Krag, Claus. 2002. ‘Myten om Hårfargreættens odel: et svar til Knut Dørum’. HT(N) 81, 381-94.
  18. Kunin, Devra, trans., and Carl Phelpstead, ed., introd. and notes. 2001. A History of Norway and the Passion and Miracles of the Blessed Óláfr. Viking Society for Northern Research Text Series 13. London: Viking Society for Northern Research.
  19. Hollander, Lee M., trans. 1964a. Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway by Snorri Sturluson. Austin: The American-Scandinavian Foundation. Rpt. 1991 (rpt. cited in SkP II).
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  21. Gräslund, Bo. 1986. ‘Knut den store och sveariket: Slaget vid Helgeå i ny belysning’. Scandia 52, 211-38.
  22. Moberg, Lennart. 1987. ‘Slaget vid Helgeå och dess följder’. Scandia 53, 175-85.
  23. Internal references
  24. Diana Whaley 2012, ‘(Biography of) Bersi Skáld-Torfuson’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 789.
  25. Diana Whaley 2012, ‘(Biography of) Brynjólfr úlfaldi’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 799.
  26. (forthcoming), ‘ Unattributed, Fagrskinna’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=56> (accessed 22 November 2024)
  28. Diana Whaley 2012, ‘(Biography of) Halldórr Rannveigarson’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 797.
  29. Diana Whaley 2012, ‘(Biography of) Jǫkull Bárðarson’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 812.
  30. Diana Whaley 2012, ‘(Biography of) Óláfr Tryggvason’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 383.
  31. (forthcoming), ‘ Heimskringla, Óláfs saga helga (in Heimskringla)’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=152> (accessed 22 November 2024)
  32. Matthew Townend 2017, ‘(Biography of) Óttarr svarti’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 335.
  33. Judith Jesch 2017, ‘(Biography of) Sigvatr Þórðarson’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 347.
  35. Jayne Carroll 2012, ‘(Biography of) Þórðr Kolbeinsson’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 485.
  36. Diana Whaley 2012, ‘(Biography of) Þorfinnr munnr’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 844.
  38. Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2009, ‘Anonymous Poems, Nóregs konungatal 25’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 777-8.
  39. Russell Poole 2012, ‘ Anonymous, Liðsmannaflokkr’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1014. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1023> (accessed 22 November 2024)
  40. Diana Whaley 2012, ‘ Bersi Skáld-Torfuson, Flokkr about Óláfr helgi’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 790. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1116> (accessed 22 November 2024)
  41. Diana Whaley 2012, ‘ Bersi Skáld-Torfuson, Lausavísa’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 795. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1117> (accessed 22 November 2024)
  42. Diana Whaley 2012, ‘ Brynjólfr úlfaldi, Lausavísa’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 800. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1135> (accessed 22 November 2024)
  43. Martin Chase 2007, ‘ Einarr Skúlason, Geisli’ in Margaret Clunies Ross (ed.), Poetry on Christian Subjects. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 5-65. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1144> (accessed 22 November 2024)
  44. Diana Whaley 2012, ‘ Halldórr Rannveigarson, Lausavísa’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 798. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1241> (accessed 22 November 2024)
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  49. Russell Poole 2012, ‘ Sigvatr Þórðarson, Nesjavísur’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 555. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1357> (accessed 22 November 2024)
  50. Judith Jesch 2012, ‘ Sigvatr Þórðarson, Óláfsdrápa’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 614. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1358> (accessed 22 November 2024)
  51. Judith Jesch 2012, ‘ Sigvatr Þórðarson, Vestrfararvísur’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 615. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1361> (accessed 22 November 2024)
  52. Kari Ellen Gade 2012, ‘ Þórðr Særeksson (Sjáreksson), Róðudrápa’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 242. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1419> (accessed 22 November 2024)
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  62. Diana Whaley (ed.) 2012, ‘Jǫkull Bárðarson, Lausavísur 2’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 815.
  63. Russell Poole (ed.) 2012, ‘Óláfr inn helgi Haraldsson, Lausavísur 1’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 517.
  64. Russell Poole (ed.) 2012, ‘Óláfr inn helgi Haraldsson, Lausavísur 2’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 518.
  65. Russell Poole (ed.) 2012, ‘Óláfr inn helgi Haraldsson, Lausavísur 3’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 520.
  66. Matthew Townend (ed.) 2012, ‘Óttarr svarti, Hǫfuðlausn 10’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 753.
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  68. Matthew Townend (ed.) 2012, ‘Óttarr svarti, Hǫfuðlausn 12’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 756.
  69. Matthew Townend (ed.) 2012, ‘Óttarr svarti, Hǫfuðlausn 14’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 759.
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  71. Matthew Townend (ed.) 2012, ‘Óttarr svarti, Hǫfuðlausn 17’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 762.
  72. Matthew Townend (ed.) 2012, ‘Óttarr svarti, Hǫfuðlausn 18’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 763.
  73. Matthew Townend (ed.) 2012, ‘Óttarr svarti, Hǫfuðlausn 20’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 766.
  74. Matthew Townend (ed.) 2012, ‘Óttarr svarti, Hǫfuðlausn 3’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 745.
  75. Matthew Townend (ed.) 2012, ‘Óttarr svarti, Hǫfuðlausn 4’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 746.
  76. Matthew Townend (ed.) 2012, ‘Óttarr svarti, Hǫfuðlausn 6’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 748.
  77. Matthew Townend (ed.) 2012, ‘Óttarr svarti, Hǫfuðlausn 7’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 749.
  78. Matthew Townend (ed.) 2012, ‘Óttarr svarti, Hǫfuðlausn 8’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 750.
  79. Matthew Townend (ed.) 2012, ‘Óttarr svarti, Hǫfuðlausn 13’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 757.
  80. Matthew Townend (ed.) 2012, ‘Óttarr svarti, Hǫfuðlausn 9’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 752.
  81. Matthew Townend (ed.) 2012, ‘Óttarr svarti, Knútsdrápa 11’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 781.
  82. Matthew Townend (ed.) 2012, ‘Óttarr svarti, Lausavísur 1’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 784.
  83. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Erfidrápa Óláfs helga 1’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 665.
  84. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Erfidrápa Óláfs helga 2’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 666.
  85. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Erfidrápa Óláfs helga 21’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 689.
  86. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Erfidrápa Óláfs helga 23’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 692.
  87. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Erfidrápa Óláfs helga 26’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 696.
  88. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Erfidrápa Óláfs helga 27’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 696.
  89. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Erfidrápa Óláfs helga 3’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 668.
  90. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Erfidrápa Óláfs helga 4’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 670.
  91. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Erfidrápa Óláfs helga 7’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 673.
  92. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Flokkr about Erlingr Skjálgsson 9’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 640.
  93. Matthew Townend (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Knútsdrápa 3’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 653.
  94. Matthew Townend (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Knútsdrápa 7’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 658.
  95. Matthew Townend (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Knútsdrápa 9’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 660.
  96. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Víkingarvísur 1’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 534.
  97. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Víkingarvísur 10’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 548.
  98. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Víkingarvísur 11’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 549.
  99. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Víkingarvísur 14’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 553.
  100. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Víkingarvísur 15’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 554.
  101. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Víkingarvísur 2’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 536.
  102. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Víkingarvísur 3’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 537.
  103. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Víkingarvísur 4’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 539.
  104. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Víkingarvísur 5’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 540.
  105. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Víkingarvísur 6’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 541.
  106. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Víkingarvísur 7’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 544.
  107. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Víkingarvísur 8’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 545.
  108. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Víkingarvísur 9’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 547.
  109. R. D. Fulk (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Lausavísur 12’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 714.
  110. R. D. Fulk (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Lausavísur 13’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 715.
  111. R. D. Fulk (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Lausavísur 16’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 719.
  112. R. D. Fulk (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Lausavísur 2’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 701.
  113. R. D. Fulk (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Lausavísur 18’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 722.
  114. R. D. Fulk (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Lausavísur 25’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 730.
  115. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Lausavísur 28’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 734.
  116. Judith Jesch (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Lausavísur 30’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 736.
  117. Matthew Townend (ed.) 2012, ‘Þórarinn loftunga, Glælognskviða 3’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 867.
  118. Diana Whaley (ed.) 2012, ‘Þorfinnr munnr, Lausavísur 2’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 847.
  119. R. D. Fulk (ed.) 2012, ‘Þormóðr Kolbrúnarskáld, Lausavísur 15’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 826.
  120. Wilhelm Heizmann (ed.) 2012, ‘Anonymous Lausavísur, Lausavísur from Vǫlsa þáttr 13’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1104.
  121. Not published: do not cite ()
  122. R. D. Fulk (ed.) 2012, ‘Þormóðr Kolbrúnarskáld, Lausavísur 18’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 829.
  123. Russell Poole (ed.) 2012, ‘Óláfr inn helgi Haraldsson, Lausavísur 6’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 524.
8. Haraldr I hárfagri Hálfdanarson (r. c. 860-c. 932)
10. Óláfr I Tryggvason (r. c. 995-c. 1000)
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