iv. Base-word
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All the above examples of extended kennings have sub-kennings which function as the determinant of the kenning. This allows for the simple modification of the hierarchical structure into the series of referents as shown in § A-iii. However, in some cases it is the base-word of a kenning that is a sub-kenning, so the formatting of referents as shown in §A-iii is not appropriate. Instead, the referent of the base-word sub-kenning should be placed next to the sub-kenning:
a. {{hund {hrynsæva hræva}} {ǫl-Gefnar}} — (Þjóð Haustl 11)
b. {{the dog {of the roaring seas of corpses}} [BLOOD > WOLF] {of the ale-Gefn <= Freyja>} [WOMAN = Iðunn]} [GIANT = Þjazi]
c. the dog of the roaring seas of corpses [BLOOD > WOLF] of the ale-Gefn <= Freyja> [WOMAN = Iðunn] [GIANT = Þjazi]
The last two referents, WOMAN = Iðunn and GIANT = Þjazi, are not within the same brackets. This is to indicate that the referent of the base-word sub-kenning ('wolf') is required to understand how 'GIANT = Þjazi' derives from the determinant 'WOMAN = Iðunn'. This type of kenning tends to be the subject of much debate. See § A-vi for another example.