Kennings — Þjóðólfr ór Hvini Haustlǫng
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Þjóð Haustl 1III
brú gunnveggjar
‘for the bridge of the battle-wall’ = SHIELD
the battle-wall ... → SHIELD-WALL
for the bridge of the SHIELD-WALL → SHIELDshield
5.2.1.3. path of the shield -
Þjóð Haustl 1III
gunnveggr
‘of the battle-wall’ = SHIELD-WALL
the battle-wall ... → SHIELD-WALLshield-wall
2. wall of battle -
Þjóð Haustl 1III
raddkleif
‘voice-cliff’ = SHIELD
voice-cliff → SHIELDshield
. incomplete -
Þjóð Haustl 1III
hreingǫru hlýr fats Hildar
‘the brightly made surface of the clothing of Hildr’ = SHIELD-FACE
the clothing of Hildr. → ARMOUR
the brightly made surface of the ARMOUR → SHIELD-FACEshield
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Þjóð Haustl 1III
fat Hildar
‘of the clothing of Hildr’ = ARMOUR
the clothing of Hildr. → ARMOURarmour
. clothing of the valkyrie -
Þjóð Haustl 2III
ulfr snótar
‘the wolf of the woman’ = Þjazi
The wolf of the woman → ÞjaziÞjazi
4. destructive creature of the woman -
Þjóð Haustl 2III
marr ár-Gefnar
‘the horse of fruitfulness-Gefn’ = OX
fruitfulness-Gefn → Gefjun <goddess>
the horse of GEFJUN <GODDESS> → OXbull, ox
2.2. horse of Gefjun (A2) -
Þjóð Haustl 2III
bjarga byrgitýr
‘refuge-god of crags’ = GIANT = Þjazi
the refuge of crags → CAVE
the god of the CAVE → GIANT = Þjazigiant
1.2. male mythical being of the mountains -
Þjóð Haustl 2III
ár-Gefn
‘of fruitfulness-Gefn’ = Gefjun <goddess>
fruitfulness-Gefn → Gefjun <goddess>Gefjun
1. goddess of fruitfulness (C2b) -
Þjóð Haustl 2III
bjarga byrgi
‘of the refuge of crags’ = CAVE
the refuge of crags → CAVEcave
1.1. dwelling of the earth -
Þjóð Haustl 2III
segjandi sagna
‘with the commanders of the troops’ = Æsir
with the commanders of the troops → ÆsirÁss, god
4. leaders of the troops -
Þjóð Haustl 3III
talhreinn
‘the dung-reindeer’ = OX
The dung-reindeer → OXbull, ox
1.2. animal of manure (A2) -
Þjóð Haustl 3III
hjalmfaldinn snytrir hapta
‘the helmet-capped instructor of the divine powers’ = Óðinn
the helmet-capped instructor of the divine powers → ÓðinnÓðinn
8.3. instructor of the gods (C1a) -
Þjóð Haustl 3III
margspakr már bôru valkastar
‘the deeply wise seagull of the wave of the corpse-heap’ = RAVEN/EAGLE = Þjazi
the wave of the corpse-heap → BLOOD
The deeply wise seagull of the BLOOD → RAVEN/EAGLE = Þjaziraven/eagle
1.2. bird of blood (A2) -
Þjóð Haustl 3III
bára valkastar
‘of the wave of the corpse-heap’ = BLOOD
the wave of the corpse-heap → BLOODblood
1.3. liquid of the corpse (A2) -
Þjóð Haustl 3III
vinr Hœnis
‘the friend of Hœnir’ = Loki
the friend of Hœnir → LokiLoki
2.1. friend of a god -
Þjóð Haustl 4III
fjallgylðir
‘the mountain-wolf’ = GIANT = Þjazi
The mountain-wolf → GIANT = Þjazigiant
1.5. animal of the mountains -
Þjóð Haustl 4III
fet-Meili
‘step-Meili’ = Hœnir
step-Meili → HœnirHœnir
. god of the step -
Þjóð Haustl 4III
vinr hrafnásar
‘the friend of the raven-god’ = Loki
the raven-god → Óðinn
the friend of ÓÐINN → LokiLoki
2.1. friend of a god -
Þjóð Haustl 4III
hrafnÁss
‘of the raven-god’ = Óðinn
the raven-god → ÓðinnÓðinn
2.7. god of the raven (C3b) -
Þjóð Haustl 4III
vígfrekr ving-Rǫgnir vagna
‘the killing-greedy swinging Rǫgnir of killer whales’ = GIANT = Þjazi
The killing-greedy swinging Rǫgnir of killer whales → GIANT = Þjazigiant
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Þjóð Haustl 4III
vélsparir varnandi goða
‘the stratagem-sparing defenders of the gods’ = Óðinn, Hœnir and Loki
the stratagem-sparing defenders of the gods → Óðinn, Hœnir and LokiÓðinn, Hœnir and Loki
1. protectors of the gods -
Þjóð Haustl 5III
þekkiligr dróttinn foldar
‘the gracious lord of the earth’ = Óðinn
The gracious lord of the earth → ÓðinnÓðinn
4.3. ruler of the earth (C2a) -
Þjóð Haustl 5III
mǫgr Fárbauta
‘the son of Fárbauti’ = Loki
the son of Fárbauti → LokiLoki
1.1. son of Fárbauti -
Þjóð Haustl 5III
hvalr Várar þrymseilar
‘the whale of the Vár of the bowstring’ = OX
the Vár of the bowstring → Skaði
the whale of SKAÐI → OXbull, ox
3. whale of Skaði (A3) -
Þjóð Haustl 5III
Vár þrymseilar
‘of the Vár of the bowstring’ = Skaði
the Vár of the bowstring → SkaðiSkaði
2. goddess of the bow (C2b) -
Þjóð Haustl 5III
bragðvíss ósvifrandi ása
‘the cunning unyielding opponent of the gods’ = Þjazi
the cunning unyielding opponent of the gods → ÞjaziÞjazi
3. opponent of the gods -
Þjóð Haustl 6III
svangr faðir Mǫrnar
‘the hungry father of Mǫrn’ = Þjazi
the hungry father of Mǫrn → ÞjaziÞjazi
1.1. father of Skaði -
Þjóð Haustl 6III
okbjǫrn
‘the yoke-bear’ = OX
the yoke-bear → OXbull, ox
1.1. animal of the yoke (A2) -
Þjóð Haustl 6III
djúphugaðr hirðitýr herfangs
‘the deep-minded retaining god of plunder’ = Loki
the deep-minded retaining god of plunder → LokiLoki
3. god of plunder -
Þjóð Haustl 6III
ballastan dolgr vallar
‘the very bold enemy of the earth’ = GIANT = Þjazi
the very bold enemy of the earth → GIANT = Þjazigiant
. enemy of the land -
Þjóð Haustl 7III
farmr arma Sigvinjar
‘the cargo of the arms of Sigyn’ = Loki
the cargo of the arms of Sigyn, → LokiLoki
2.3. lover of Sigyn and Angrboða -
Þjóð Haustl 7III
farmr arma
‘the cargo of the arms’ = LOVER
the cargo of the arms → LOVERlover
2. cargo of the arms -
Þjóð Haustl 7III
fóstri ǫndurgoðs
‘the fosterer of the ski-deity’ = Þjazi
the ski-deity. → Skaði
the fosterer of SKAÐI → ÞjaziÞjazi
2. foster-father of Skaði -
Þjóð Haustl 7III
ǫndurgoð
‘of the ski-deity’ = Skaði
the ski-deity. → SkaðiSkaði
1. deity of the ski (C2b) -
Þjóð Haustl 7III
ramman reimuðr Jǫtunheima
‘the mighty haunter of Jǫtunheimar’ = Þjazi
the mighty haunter of Jǫtunheimar, → ÞjaziÞjazi
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Þjóð Haustl 7III
holls vinr Hœnis
‘of the loyal friend of Hœnir’ = Loki
the loyal friend of Hœnir → LokiLoki
2.1. friend of a god -
Þjóð Haustl 8III
nagr sveita
‘the bird of blood’ = RAVEN/EAGLE = Þjazi
The bird of blood → RAVEN/EAGLE = Þjaziraven/eagle
1.2. bird of blood (A2) -
Þjóð Haustl 8III
faðir ulfs
‘the father of the wolf’ = Loki
the father of the wolf → LokiLoki
1.4. father of the wolf -
Þjóð Haustl 8III
of rúni Þórs
‘the confidant of Þórr’ = Loki
the confidant of Þórr → LokiLoki
2.1. friend of a god -
Þjóð Haustl 8III
môlunautr Miðjungs
‘the speech-companion of Miðjungr’ = GIANT = Þjazi
the speech-companion of Miðjungr → GIANT = Þjazigiant
3.3. confidant of the giant -
Þjóð Haustl 9III
áttrunnr Hymis
‘the kinsman of Hymir’ = GIANT = Þjazi
The kinsman of Hymir → GIANT = Þjazigiant
3.1. relative of the giant -
Þjóð Haustl 9III
hrœrir sagna
‘the leader of the troops’ = Loki
the leader of the troops, → LokiLoki
5. leader of troops -
Þjóð Haustl 9III
girðiþjófr Brísings
‘the girdle-thief of Brísingr’ = Loki
The girdle-thief of Brísingr → LokiLoki
4. thief of Brísingamen -
Þjóð Haustl 9III
dís goða
‘the lady of the gods’ = Iðunn
the lady of the gods → IðunnIðunn
1. woman of the gods (C3a) -
Þjóð Haustl 9III
grjót-Níðuðr
‘of the rock-Níðuðr’ = GIANT = Þjazi
the rock-Níðuðr → GIANT = Þjazigiant
1.3. legendary person of the mountains -
Þjóð Haustl 10III
byggjandi bjartra borða
‘the inhabitants of the bright hillsides’ = GIANTS
The inhabitants of the bright hillsides → GIANTSgiant
1.1. man of the mountains -
Þjóð Haustl 10III
allar ætt Ingvi-Freys
‘all the kin of Ingvi-Freyr’ = GODS
All the kin of Ingvi-Freyr → GODSÁss, god
1. relatives of a god/goddess -
Þjóð Haustl 11III
hund hrynsævar hræva ǫl-Gefn
‘the hound of the roaring sea of corpses of the ale-Gefn’ = Loki
the ale-Gefn → WOMAN = Iðunn
the hound of the roaring sea of corpses of the WOMANIÐUNN → LokiLoki
2.5. damaging creature of the woman -
Þjóð Haustl 11III
hundr hrynsævar hræva
‘the hound of the roaring sea of corpses’ = WOLF
the roaring sea of corpses → BLOOD
the hound of the BLOOD → WOLFwolf
3.1. dog of blood (A2) -
Þjóð Haustl 11III
hrynsjór hræva
‘of the roaring sea of corpses’ = BLOOD
the roaring sea of corpses → BLOODblood
1.3. liquid of the corpse (A2) -
Þjóð Haustl 11III
leiðiþírr ǫl-Gefnar
‘the leading slave of ale-Gefn’ = Loki
ale-Gefn, → WOMAN = Iðunn
the leading slave of the WOMANIÐUNN → LokiLoki
2.4. servant of the woman -
Þjóð Haustl 11III
ǫl-Gefn
‘of ale-Gefn’ = WOMAN = Iðunn
ale-Gefn, → WOMAN = Iðunnfemale, woman
6.1. female mythical being of drink (B2b) -
Þjóð Haustl 11III
lundr læva
‘the tree of deceits’ = MAN = Loki
the tree of deceits. → MAN = Lokimale, man
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Þjóð Haustl 11III
munstœrandi hapta
‘joy-increaser of the divine powers’ = Iðunn
joy-increaser of the divine powers.’ → IðunnIðunn
2. joy-increaser of the gods (C1a) -
Þjóð Haustl 11III
ǫl-Gefn
‘of the ale-Gefn’ = WOMAN = Iðunn
the ale-Gefn → WOMAN = Iðunnfemale, woman
6.1. female mythical being of drink (B2b) -
Þjóð Haustl 12III
hugreynandi Hœnis
‘the thought-trier of Hœnir’ = Loki
the thought-trier of Hœnir, → LokiLoki
2.2. tester of a god -
Þjóð Haustl 12III
flugbjalfi
‘flight-skin’ = WINGS
flight-skin, → WINGSwing
2. skin of flight (A1a) -
Þjóð Haustl 12III
leika ása
‘the playmate of the gods’ = Iðunn
the playmate of the gods → IðunnIðunn
1. woman of the gods (C3a) -
Þjóð Haustl 12III
lómhugaðr faðir Mǫrnar
‘the deceit-minded father of Mǫrn’ = Þjazi
the deceit-minded father of Mǫrn, → ÞjaziÞjazi
1.1. father of Skaði -
Þjóð Haustl 12III
Reginn leikblaðs fjaðrar
‘the Reginn of the play-blade of the feather’ = GIANT = Þjazi
the play-blade of the feather, → WING
the Reginn of the WING → GIANT = Þjazigiant
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Þjóð Haustl 12III
leikblað fjaðrar
‘of the play-blade of the feather’ = WING
the play-blade of the feather, → WINGwing
3. blade of the feather (A1b) -
Þjóð Haustl 12III
barn ǫglis
‘the hawk’s child’ = HAWK = Loki
the hawk’s child. → HAWK = Lokihawk
1. relative of the hawk (B4b) -
Þjóð Haustl 13III
sonr biðils Greipar
‘the son of the wooer of Greip’ = Þjazi
the wooer of Greip → GIANT
the son of the GIANT → ÞjaziÞjazi
1.2. son of the giant -
Þjóð Haustl 13III
biðill Greipar
‘of the wooer of Greip’ = GIANT
the wooer of Greip → GIANTgiant
4.1. confidant of the giantess -
Þjóð Haustl 13III
minni iljabrú Finns fjalla
‘my footsole-bridge of the Finnr of the mountains’ = SHIELD
the Finnr of the mountains. → GIANT = Hrungnir
my footsole-bridge of the GIANTHRUNGNIR → SHIELDshield
13.2. bridge of the giant -
Þjóð Haustl 13III
Finnr fjalla
‘of the Finnr of the mountains’ = GIANT = Hrungnir
the Finnr of the mountains. → GIANT = Hrungnirgiant
1.1. man of the mountains -
Þjóð Haustl 13III
bifkleif baugs
‘the quivering cliff of the shield-boss’ = SHIELD
the quivering cliff of the shield-boss, → SHIELDshield
5.1.1.1. land of the shield -
Þjóð Haustl 14III
ótti jǫtna
‘the terror of giants’ = Þórr
the terror of giants → ÞórrÞórr
1.3. terror of the giants -
Þjóð Haustl 14III
bǫrr hellis haugs Grjótúna
‘the tree of the cave of the mound of Grjótún’ = GIANT = Hrungnir
the mound of Grjótún. → Grjótúnagarðar
the tree of the cave of GRJÓTÚNAGARÐAR → GIANT = Hrungnirgiant
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Þjóð Haustl 14III
haugr Grjótúna
‘of the mound of Grjótún’ = Grjótúnagarðar
the mound of Grjótún. → GrjótúnagarðarGrjótúnagarðar
. cairn of the mountain? -
Þjóð Haustl 14III
sonr Jarðar
‘the son of Jǫrð’ = Þórr
The son of Jǫrð → ÞórrÞórr
2.1. son of Jǫrð (C4a/C4b) -
Þjóð Haustl 14III
ísarnleikr
‘the iron-play’ = BATTLE
the iron-play, → BATTLEbattle
4.1. play of weapons -
Þjóð Haustl 14III
vegr mána
‘the path of the moon’ = SKY/HEAVEN
the path of the moon → SKY/HEAVENsky/heaven
7.2. path of the moon -
Þjóð Haustl 14III
blóði Meila
‘of the brother of Meili’ = Þórr
the brother of Meili → ÞórrÞórr
2. relative of the gods (C4a) -
Þjóð Haustl 15III
ǫll endilôg vé ginnunga
‘all sanctuaries of hawks, low from end to end’ = SKIES/HEAVENS
All sanctuaries of hawks, low from end to end → SKIES/HEAVENSsky/heaven
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Þjóð Haustl 15III
mágr Ullar
‘the kinsman of Ullr’ = Þórr
the kinsman of Ullr, → ÞórrÞórr
2.4. kinsman of Ullr (C4a) -
Þjóð Haustl 15III
hofregin hógreiðar
‘the temple-deity of the comfortable chariot’ = Þórr
the temple-deity of the comfortable chariot → ÞórrÞórr
6. Determinant: attributes, belongings -
Þjóð Haustl 15III
ekkja Svǫlnis
‘the widow of Svǫlnir’ = Jǫrð
the widow of Svǫlnir → JǫrðJǫrð
1. consort of Óðinn (C3a) -
Þjóð Haustl 16III
of barmi Baldrs
‘the brother of Baldr’ = Þórr
The brother of Baldr → ÞórrÞórr
2. relative of the gods (C4a) -
Þjóð Haustl 16III
solgnum dolgr manna
‘the greedy enemy of men’ = GIANT = Hrungnir
the greedy enemy of men; → GIANT = Hrungnirgiant
. enemy of people -
Þjóð Haustl 16III
váttr vagna myrkbeins reinar Haka
‘the knower of killer whales of the dark bone of the land of Haki’ = GIANT = Hrungnir
the land of Haki → SEA
the dark bone of the SEA → ROCK
killer whales of the ROCK → GIANTS
the knower of GIANTS → GIANT = Hrungnirgiant
3.3. confidant of the giant -
Þjóð Haustl 16III
vagna myrkbeins reinar Haka
‘of killer whales of the dark bone of the land of Haki’ = GIANTS
the land of Haki → SEA
the dark bone of the SEA → ROCK
killer whales of the ROCK → GIANTSgiant
1.5. animal of the mountains -
Þjóð Haustl 16III
myrkbein reinar Haka
‘of the dark bone of the land of Haki’ = ROCK
the land of Haki → SEA
the dark bone of the SEA → ROCKrock, stone
2.1.1. bone of waters -
Þjóð Haustl 16III
rein Haka
‘of the land of Haki’ = SEA
the land of Haki → SEAsea
2.1. land of the sea-king -
Þjóð Haustl 17III
ímunfǫlr íss randa
‘the battle-pale ice of shield-rims’ = SHIELD
The battle-pale ice of shield-rims → SHIELDshield
. ice of the shield -
Þjóð Haustl 17III
gætir bjarga
‘of the guardian of the rocks’ = GIANT = Hrungnir
the guardian of the rocks; → GIANT = Hrungnirgiant
1.4. agent of the mountains -
Þjóð Haustl 17III
hraundrengr
‘the rock-gentleman’ = GIANT = Hrungnir
The rock-gentleman → GIANT = Hrungnirgiant
1.1. man of the mountains -
Þjóð Haustl 17III
hǫrðum of rúni trolls trjónu
‘the hard friend of the troll of the muzzle’ = Þórr
the troll of the muzzle. → Mjǫllnir
the hard friend of MJǪLLNIR → ÞórrÞórr
6. Determinant: attributes, belongings -
Þjóð Haustl 17III
troll trjónu
‘of the troll of the muzzle’ = Mjǫllnir
the troll of the muzzle. → MjǫllnirMjǫllnir
2. troll of the snout -
Þjóð Haustl 18III
fjǫrspillir bǫlverðungar Belja
‘the life-destroyer of the evil-causing troop of Beli’ = Þórr
the evil-causing troop of Beli → GIANTS
The life-destroyer of GIANTS → ÞórrÞórr
1.1. defeater of the giants -
Þjóð Haustl 18III
bǫlverðung Belja
‘of the evil-causing troop of Beli’ = GIANTS
the evil-causing troop of Beli → GIANTSgiant
3.2. men of the giant -
Þjóð Haustl 18III
bolmr fjalfrs ólágra gjalfra
‘the bear of the hiding-place of not low roaring waters’ = GIANT = Hrungnir
the hiding-place of not low roaring waters → CAVE
the bear of the CAVE → GIANT = Hrungnirgiant
1.5. animal of the mountains -
Þjóð Haustl 18III
fjalfr ólágra gjalfra
‘of the hiding-place of not low roaring waters’ = CAVE
the hiding-place of not low roaring waters → CAVEcave
2.2. hiding-place from the sea -
Þjóð Haustl 18III
holmr randar
‘the island of the shield-rim’ = SHIELD
the island of the shield-rim. → SHIELDshield
5.1.1.1. land of the shield -
Þjóð Haustl 18III
gramr grundar gilja
‘the ruler of the land of ravines’ = GIANT = Hrungnir
the land of ravines → MOUNTAINS
the ruler of MOUNTAINS → GIANT = Hrungnirgiant
1.1. man of the mountains -
Þjóð Haustl 18III
grund gilja
‘of the land of ravines’ = MOUNTAINS
the land of ravines → MOUNTAINSmountain
1.1. place of rock/stone -
Þjóð Haustl 18III
brjótr berg-dana
‘the breaker of rock-danes’ = Þórr
rock-Danes → GIANTS
the breaker of GIANTS → ÞórrÞórr
1.1. defeater of the giants -
Þjóð Haustl 18III
berg-Danr
‘of rock-danes’ = GIANTS
rock-Danes → GIANTSgiant
1.1. man of the mountains -
Þjóð Haustl 19III
heimþingaðr herju Vingnis
‘of the home-visitor of the female follower of Vingnir’ = GIANT = Hrungnir
the female follower of Vingnir → GIANTESS
the home-visitor of GIANTESS → GIANT = Hrungnirgiant
4.1. confidant of the giantess -
Þjóð Haustl 19III
herja Vingnis
‘of the female follower of Vingnir’ = GIANTESS
the female follower of Vingnir → GIANTESSgiantess, troll-woman
1.1. consort of the giant (B3a) -
Þjóð Haustl 19III
sveinn Grundar
‘the boy of Grund’ = Þórr
the boy of Grund → ÞórrÞórr
2.1. son of Jǫrð (C4a/C4b) -
Þjóð Haustl 19III
mœnir hjarna
‘the roof-ridge of his brain’ = SKULL
the roof-ridge of his brain, → SKULLskull
1. fortification of the brain (A3) -
Þjóð Haustl 19III
vikr stála
‘the pumice of steel weapons’ = WHETSTONE
the pumice of steel weapons, → WHETSTONEwhetstone
. pumice of steel weapons -
Þjóð Haustl 19III
burr Óðins
‘of the son of Óðinn’ = Þórr
the son of Óðinn, → ÞórrÞórr
2.2. son of Óðinn (C4a) -
Þjóð Haustl 20III
ǫl-Gefjun
‘the ale-Gefjun’ = WOMAN = Gróa
the ale-Gefjun → WOMAN = Gróafemale, woman
6.1. female mythical being of drink (B2b) -
Þjóð Haustl 20III
it rauða hœlibǫl ryðs
‘the red boasting destruction of rust’ = WHETSTONE
the red boasting destruction of rust → WHETSTONEwhetstone
. harm of rust -
Þjóð Haustl 20III
hneigihlíð hárs
‘the inclined slopes of the hair’ = HEAD
the inclined slopes of the hair → HEADhead
1.1. place of the hair (A1b and A3) -
Þjóð Haustl 20III
reiði-Týr sára
‘of the bearing-Týr of wounds’ = Þórr
the bearing-Týr of wounds. → ÞórrÞórr
8. god who bears wounds (C1b or C2b?) -
Þjóð Haustl 20III
garðr Geitis
‘the fence of Geitir’ = SHIELD
the fence of Geitir. → SHIELDshield
6.5. enclosure of the sea-king -
Þjóð Haustl 20III
bifkleif baugs
‘the quivering cliff of the shield-boss’ = SHIELD
the quivering cliff of the shield-boss, → SHIELDshield
5.1.1.1. land of the shield