Cite as: Kari Ellen Gade (ed.) 2017, ‘Snorri Sturluson, Háttatal 37’ in Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold (eds), Poetry from Treatises on Poetics. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 1145.
context: The dróttkvætt
variant is inn dýri háttr ‘the ornate
verse-form’. Each line contains three aðalhendingar
in positions 1, 2, and 5. The syllabic structure of the even lines is that of
regular dróttkvætt. The odd lines
are similar to skjálfhent
‘tremble-rhymed’ (st. 35) in that the alliteration falls in positions 1 and 3,
and the heavy syllable in position 2 contains internal rhyme (aðalhending).
notes: The heading in Tˣ is 30. For the metre, see also RvHbreiðm Hl 17-18. It is not used elsewhere in the extant corpus of skaldic poetry. — Owing to the metrical restrictions, the word order of
this stanza is very convoluted, and earlier eds have
tried to solve the problems this produces in different ways. — [1-4]: The present edn follows Konráð Gíslason (1895-7), Skj B and SnE 2007. Kock (NN §1311) somewhat unsuccessfully tried to simplify the word order by taking verð (l. 3) as a noun (vederlag ‘compensation’) and vald (våld ‘violence’) and gjald (hämnd ‘vengeance’) (l. 2) as the objects of banna (‘forbid’): Ferð vann fest mest verð herði fólka; hǫfundr aldar, sás lestir bil, bannar virðum vald, gjald translated as Mängden lovade det största vederlag åt örlogsjälten – landets styresman förbjuder männen, dådsnabb, våld och hämnd ‘The crowd promised the greatest compensation to the hero of the fleet – the ruler of the land forbids the men, quick in action, violence and vengeance’. Aside from the fact that gjald and vald are not attested in the meanings ‘vengeance’ and ‘violence’ (Fritzner: gjald; vald), this interpretation forces an awkward, asyndetic construction (vald, gjald ‘violence [and] vengeance’). — [5-8]: The main controversy in this helmingr is the placement of áttar hǫlða ‘of the clan of freeholders’ (l. 5). (a) In the present edn it qualifies rauðum auð ‘the red wealth’ (l. 6). The stanza describes the events that occurred in 1214 when Skúli and Ingi forced the rebellious farmers of Trøndelag to submit to Ingi. As st. 36 above shows, part of the dealings took place at the legal assembly when people were forced to swear allegiance and pay compensation. Skúli was hardly ‘generous’ in this situation (see the comments below); rather, he exacted payment from the farmers and destroyed their wealth in the real sense of the word. (b) Skj B (followed by SnE 2007) offers the following interpretation of this helmingr: Þengill skatna gat bjóða þrátt þjóð hǫlða áttar hátt; þat stóð af gram; jǫfurr hrauð rauðum auð translated as Mændenes fyrste kunde byde bøndernes skare kraftig, hvorledes de skulde opføre sig; det udgik fra fyrsten; han viste sig meget gavmild ‘The lord of men told the crowd of farmers powerfully how they should behave; that issued from the lord; he showed himself to be very generous’. The problems here are the unparalleled þjóð hǫlða áttar lit. ‘people of the clan of freeholders’ (Skj B: bøndernes skare ‘crowd of farmers’) and the concept alluded to in ‘he showed himself to be very generous’ (so also SnE 2007; but see comments in (a) above). (c) Kock (NN §1311) takes hátt (ädelt ‘nobly’) (l. 5) as an adv. modifying hrauð ‘wasted’ and construes áttar hǫlða ‘of the clan of freeholders’ with jǫfurr ‘prince’ (l. 6). He also adopts the W, U variant of ‘around’ (l. 8). In Kock’s interpretation, the helmingr reads as follows: Hátt, þrátt hrauð jǫfurr hǫlða áttar rauðum auð, þat gat þengill skatna bjóða, þjóð stóð of gram translated as Ädelt, ivrig ödelade folkets furste röda guldet: sådant bjöd oss kämpars hövding – skaran stod omkring sin drott! ‘Nobly, eagerly, the lord of the people destroyed the red gold; thus the chieftain of heroes commanded us – the crowd stood around their leader!’. That reading requires an unattested adv. hátt ‘nobly’ as well as the unparalleled jǫfurr hǫlða áttar ‘the prince of the clan of freeholders’. It also results in another awkward asyndetic construction (hátt, þrátt ‘nobly, eagerly’) and it is unsatisfactory from the point of view of the content (see SnE 2007, 60). (d) Following SnE 1848-87, Konráð Gíslason (1895-7) connects áttar hǫlða ‘of the clan of freeholders’ (l. 5) with gram ‘ruler’ (l. 8) and þrátt ‘obstinately’ (l. 5) with hrauð ‘wasted’ (l. 6) which forces an unprecedented four-part line (l. 5). He also suggests that áttar hǫlða ‘of the clan of freeholders’ (l. 5) may qualify hátt ‘manners’ (l. 5), which is certainly possible: Þengill skatna gat þrátt bjóða þjóð hátt áttar hǫlða ‘The lord of chieftains obstinately taught men the manners of the clan of freeholders’. This would mean that Skúli taught the freeholders to behave according to rank.
texts: ‹Ht 39›,
‹SnE 631›
editions: Skj Snorri Sturluson: 2. Háttatal 37 (AII, 62; BII, 71); Skald II, 40, NN §1311; SnE 1848-87, I, 648-9, II, 389, III, 120, SnE 1879-81, I, 6, 78, II, 17, SnE 1931, 232, SnE 2007, 19; Konráð Gíslason 1895-7, I, 23-4.
sources
| GKS 2367 4° (R) |
48v, 27 - 48v, 30 |
(SnE) |
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| Traj 1374x (Tx) |
51r, 7 - 51r, 7 |
(SnE) |
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| AM 242 fol (W) |
144, 25 - 144, 28 |
(SnE) |
|
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| |
| DG 11 (U) |
53r, 11 - 53r, 14 |
(SnE) |
|
|
| |
| AMAcc 18x (Acc18x) |
217, 13 - 217, 16 |
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