Vestrfararvísur — Sigv Vestv^I

Eight stanzas from Sigvatr’s Vestrfararvísur ‘Verses on a Journey to the West’ (Sigv Vestv) are preserved in Snorri Sturluson’s Óláfs saga helga, in the Separate (ÓH) and Hkr (ÓHHkr) versions, jointly referred to as ÓH-Hkr below. The genre, the name and the first stanza of the poem are identified before the citation of st. 1: Sigvatr orti flokk þann, er kallaðr var Vestrfararvísur, ok er þetta upphaf ‘Sigvatr composed the flokkr which is called Vestrfararvísur, and this is the beginning (of it)’ (ÓHHkr ch. 146, ÍF 27, 271). The designation of the poem as a flokkr (used of Austrfararvísur ‘Verses on a Journey to the East’ (Sigv Austv) only in Fsk, ÍF 29, 179) implies a certain unity that is hard to discern in the surviving stanzas, and most of them are introduced by a tag normally associated with lausavísur, such as Þá kvað Sigvatr ‘Then Sigvatr recited’. Although both poems derive from personal experience, Vestv, unlike Austv, is less a description of a voyage than a political commentary. The context is the attempt of the Danish Knútr inn ríki (Cnut the Great) to recruit followers of King Óláfr Haraldsson to his common cause against the king with the Norwegian jarl Hákon Eiríksson, and this common cause is an important sub-theme of the poem. Stanza 4, following on from st. 3, is introduced (ÍF 27, 273), Enn orti Sigvatr fleiri vísur um ferð þeira Knúts ok Hákonar. Þá kvað hann enn ‘Sigvatr further composed more stanzas about the journey of Knútr and Hákon. Then he further recited’. This would suggest that st. 4 is not one of those stanzas directly about the ‘journey of Knútr and Hákon’, though on a closely related topic. Hkr (ÍF 27, 295) relates that, despite general criticism of Hákon, Sigvatr var inn mesti vinr jarls ‘Sigvatr was a very great friend of the jarl’. In this context, Vestv could be seen as Sigvatr’s self-justification for having served Knútr (see Sigv Knútdr), and indeed Hákon, while still remaining essentially loyal to Óláfr. The conflicted loyalties of a skald are a theme of other poems such as Sigvatr’s own Erlfl, and Arn Þorfdr 19-21^II. While Jón Skaptason (1983, 251-2) suggests that sts 6-7 may not originally have been a part of this poem, the direct mention of Knútr in st. 7 firmly anchors it in this political context, and the direct address to Óláfr in st. 6 sets up a contrast between the two kings that gives point to Sigvatr’s claim that Kvaðk einn dróttinn senn sœma mér ‘I declared that one lord at a time was fitting for me’ (st. 7). Furthermore, the poet’s self-justification is fairly explicit in st. 8, despite the difficulties of interpretation.

The date of the poem is difficult to determine (in Skj BI, 226 it is assigned a date of 1025-6) and may depend on whether or not there is a relationship with Knútsdrápa, which Townend (Introduction to Sigv Knútdr, below) dates to either c. 1027 or c. 1035. The later date is out of the question for Vestv, with its direct address to King Óláfr (r. c. 1015-1030) in sts 6 and 8, but a date of c. 1027 is perfectly possible.

The ordering of the stanzas follows from Snorri’s identification of st. 1 as the beginning of the poem, closely followed by sts 2-4 (ÓHHkr ch. 146, ÓH ch. 136), while sts 6-7 are cited together in ÓHHkr ch. 160, ÓH ch. 152 and bring the poem to an appropriate conclusion, along with st. 8 which follows on from them, though in only one ms. (75 c). If anything, it is st. 5 that is the odd one out, as it is cited in ÓHHkr ch. 131, ÓH ch. 120 before the naming of the poem, along with Sigv Lv 12, which might suggest it is better viewed as a lausavísa. However st. 5 does complement the other stanzas of Vestv, in its references to a travelling-companion (cf. sts 1 and 6) and to Knútr’s gifts (cf. st. 7 and possibly st. 2), and it has therefore been retained in this edition.

The main ms. for sts 1-7 is the Hkr ms. Kˣ, while for st. 8 it is the ÓH ms. 75c, the only one to preserve it. Other ÓH mss used are Holm2, 972ˣ, 68, Holm4, 61, 325V, Bb, Flat, Tóm for sts 1-7, plus J2ˣ, 75a, 321ˣ, 73aˣ, 75c, 325VII and 325IX 2 g for subsets of these. The J2ˣ text belongs to the Hkr redaction for sts 6-7: see Note to st. 6 [All]. Also used are the Fsk mss FskBˣ and FskAˣ for st. 3, and JÓ (the 1741 printed edition of Knýtl) and the Knýtl mss 873ˣ, 20dˣ, 41ˣ and 20i 23ˣ for st. 5.

References

1. Bibliography
2. Skj B = Finnur Jónsson, ed. 1912-15b. Den norsk-islandske skjaldedigtning. B: Rettet tekst. 2 vols. Copenhagen: Villadsen & Christensen. Rpt. 1973. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde & Bagger.
3. ÍF 26-8 = Heimskringla. Ed. Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson. 1941-51.
4. ÍF 29 = Ágrip af Nóregskonunga sǫgum; Fagrskinna—Nóregs konungatal. Ed. Bjarni Einarsson. 1985.
5. Jón Skaptason. 1983. ‘Material for an Edition and Translation of the Poems of Sigvat Þórðarson, skáld’. Ph.D. thesis. State University of New York at Stony Brook. DAI 44: 3681A.
6. Internal references
7. (forthcoming), ‘ Unattributed, Heimskringla’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=4> (accessed 28 April 2024)
8. (forthcoming), ‘ Unattributed, Knýtlinga saga’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=19> (accessed 28 April 2024)
9. (forthcoming), ‘ Unattributed, Óláfs saga helga’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=53> (accessed 28 April 2024)
10. (forthcoming), ‘ Unattributed, Fagrskinna’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=56> (accessed 28 April 2024)
11. (forthcoming), ‘ Heimskringla, Óláfs saga helga (in Heimskringla)’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. . <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=152> (accessed 28 April 2024)
13. R. D. Fulk 2012, ‘ Sigvatr Þórðarson, Austrfararvísur’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 578. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1351> (accessed 28 April 2024)
14. Judith Jesch 2012, ‘ Sigvatr Þórðarson, Flokkr about Erlingr Skjálgsson’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 629. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1355> (accessed 28 April 2024)
15. Matthew Townend 2012, ‘ Sigvatr Þórðarson, Knútsdrápa’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 649. <https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=1356> (accessed 28 April 2024)
16. Diana Whaley (ed.) 2009, ‘Arnórr jarlaskáld Þórðarson, Þorfinnsdrápa 19’ in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 251-2.
17. R. D. Fulk (ed.) 2012, ‘Sigvatr Þórðarson, Lausavísur 12’ in Diana Whaley (ed.), Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols, p. 714.